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how to think in a post truth world > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Proposition?

A

A statement that can be true or false.

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2
Q

What are Premises?

A

Statements or reasons that support a conclusion in an argument.

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3
Q

What is an Argument?

A

A set of premises put together to support a conclusion.

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4
Q

What is Deductive Validity?

A

When the conclusion of an argument necessarily follows from its premises.

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5
Q

What is a Deductively Sound Argument?

A

A valid argument with all true premises.

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6
Q

What are Prescriptive Claims?

A

Statements about what ought to be.

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7
Q

What are Descriptive Claims?

A

Statements about what is.

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8
Q

What are Conditionals?

A

“If-then” statements, e.g., “If X, then Y.”

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9
Q

What is an Inductively Forceful Argument?

A

An argument where the premises make the conclusion very likely, but not certain.

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10
Q

What is Probability?

A

The likelihood of an event happening.

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11
Q

What is Inductive Soundness?

A

When an inductively strong argument has true premises.

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12
Q

What is Causation?

A

A relationship where one event causes another.

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13
Q

What is Correlation?

A

A relationship where two events occur together, but one may not cause the other.

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14
Q

What is Affirming the Consequent?

A

Assuming that if “If X, then Y” is true and Y is true, then X must also be true (invalid reasoning).

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15
Q

What is Denying the Antecedent?

A

Assuming that if “If X, then Y” is true and X is false, then Y must also be false (invalid reasoning).

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16
Q

What is the Fallacy of Mistaking Correlation for Cause?

A

Assuming correlation implies causation without evidence.

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17
Q

What is Deriving ‘Ought’ from ‘Is’?

A

Trying to conclude what should be from what is without justification.

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18
Q

What is the Fallacy of Majority Belief?

A

Assuming something is true because most people believe it.

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19
Q

What is the Gambler’s Fallacy?

A

Believing past events affect independent future events, e.g., a coin toss.

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20
Q

What is the Perfectionist Fallacy?

A

Rejecting a solution because it’s not perfect.

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21
Q

What are Ad Hominem Arguments?

A

Attacking the person instead of their argument.

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22
Q

What is an Appeal to Authority?

A

Relying on authority without ensuring their expertise is relevant.

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23
Q

What is the Conflation of Morality with Legality?

A

Assuming something legal is moral, or vice versa.

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24
Q

What is Tu Quoque?

A

Rejecting criticism by accusing the critic of the same fault.

25
Q

What is a Weak Analogy?

A

Comparing two things that are not sufficiently similar.

26
Q

What is Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?

A

Assuming that because one thing happened after another, it was caused by it.

27
Q

What is Inversion of Cause and Effect?

A

Mistaking the effect for the cause.

28
Q

What is an Appeal to Ignorance?

A

Claiming something is true because it hasn’t been proven false.

29
Q

What is Equivocation?

A

Using a word with multiple meanings to confuse an argument.

30
Q

What is a Red Herring?

A

Introducing irrelevant information to distract from the main issue.

31
Q

What is a Slippery Slope?

A

Arguing that a small step will inevitably lead to a chain of negative events without evidence.

32
Q

What is a Straw Target?

A

Misrepresenting an opponent’s argument to make it easier to refute.

33
Q

What is a False Dilemma?

A

Presenting two choices as the only options when others exist.

34
Q

What is Begging the Question?

A

Assuming the truth of what you’re trying to prove.

35
Q

What is the Base Rate Fallacy?

A

Ignoring general information (base rates) in favor of specific cases.

36
Q

What is Ambiguity?

A

When a statement can have multiple meanings.

37
Q

What is Vagueness?

A

When a statement is unclear or imprecise.

38
Q

What are Rhetorical Questions?

A

Questions asked for effect, not to get an answer.

39
Q

What are Generalisations?

A

Broad statements. Soft generalisations allow exceptions, while hard generalisations are absolute.

40
Q

What is Implicature?

A

What is implied but not directly stated.

41
Q

What is Rhetoric?

A

The art of persuasion.

42
Q

What is Rhetorical Force?

A

The emotional impact of a statement or argument.

43
Q

What is a Smokescreen?

A

Introducing irrelevant details or distractions to divert attention from the main issue.

44
Q

What are Buzzwords?

A

Using trendy or impressive-sounding terms to persuade without clarifying meaning.

45
Q

What is Jargon?

A

Specialized language that excludes outsiders or confuses the audience.

46
Q

What are Acronyms?

A

Shortened forms of terms that can obscure meaning for those unfamiliar with them.

47
Q

What is Spin?

A

Presenting information in a way that manipulates perception to favor a particular perspective.

48
Q

What is Gaslighting?

A

Manipulating someone into doubting their perception, memory, or reality to gain control or deflect blame.

49
Q

What is an Appeal to Novelty?

A

Arguing something is better or true because it is new or modern.

50
Q

What is an Appeal to Popularity?

A

Claiming something is true or good because many people believe or do it.

51
Q

What is an Appeal to Compassion, Pity, or Guilt?

A

Persuading by evoking sympathy, guilt, or pity rather than providing evidence.

52
Q

What is an Appeal to Cuteness?

A

Using something adorable or appealing to emotions to sway opinions.

53
Q

What is an Appeal to Sexiness?

A

Relying on sexual attractiveness to persuade rather than substantive arguments.

54
Q

What is an Appeal to Wealth, Status (etc.)?

A

Suggesting that wealth, prestige, or social status validates an argument or product.

55
Q

What is an Appeal to Fear?

A

Manipulating fears to persuade rather than offering logical support.

56
Q

What is an Appeal to Ridicule?

A

Dismissing or mocking an idea instead of addressing its merits.

57
Q

What is Trading on Equivocation?

A

Exploiting ambiguity in language to mislead or confuse.

58
Q

What is Trading on Implicature?

A

Using implied meanings or suggestions to mislead without directly stating something false.

59
Q

What is a Leading Question or Push Polling?

A

Asking a question designed to lead someone to a specific answer, often subtly or manipulatively.

how to think in a post truth world (1 decks)

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