Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is a Proposition?

Answer 1

A statement that can be true or false.

Question 2

What are Premises?

Answer 2

Statements or reasons that support a conclusion in an argument.

Question 3

What is an Argument?

Answer 3

A set of premises put together to support a conclusion.

Question 4

What is Deductive Validity?

Answer 4

When the conclusion of an argument necessarily follows from its premises.

Question 5

What is a Deductively Sound Argument?

Answer 5

A valid argument with all true premises.

Question 6

What are Prescriptive Claims?

Answer 6

Statements about what ought to be.

Question 7

What are Descriptive Claims?

Answer 7

Statements about what is.

Question 8

What are Conditionals?

Answer 8

“If-then” statements, e.g., “If X, then Y.”

Question 9

What is an Inductively Forceful Argument?

Answer 9

An argument where the premises make the conclusion very likely, but not certain.

Question 10

What is Probability?

Answer 10

The likelihood of an event happening.

Question 11

What is Inductive Soundness?

Answer 11

When an inductively strong argument has true premises.

Question 12

What is Causation?

Answer 12

A relationship where one event causes another.

Question 13

What is Correlation?

Answer 13

A relationship where two events occur together, but one may not cause the other.

Question 14

What is Affirming the Consequent?

Answer 14

Assuming that if “If X, then Y” is true and Y is true, then X must also be true (invalid reasoning).

Question 15

What is Denying the Antecedent?

Answer 15

Assuming that if “If X, then Y” is true and X is false, then Y must also be false (invalid reasoning).

Question 16

What is the Fallacy of Mistaking Correlation for Cause?

Answer 16

Assuming correlation implies causation without evidence.

Question 17

What is Deriving ‘Ought’ from ‘Is’?

Answer 17

Trying to conclude what should be from what is without justification.

Question 18

What is the Fallacy of Majority Belief?

Answer 18

Assuming something is true because most people believe it.

Question 19

What is the Gambler’s Fallacy?

Answer 19

Believing past events affect independent future events, e.g., a coin toss.

Question 20

What is the Perfectionist Fallacy?

Answer 20

Rejecting a solution because it’s not perfect.

Question 21

What are Ad Hominem Arguments?

Answer 21

Attacking the person instead of their argument.

Question 22

What is an Appeal to Authority?

Answer 22

Relying on authority without ensuring their expertise is relevant.

Question 23

What is the Conflation of Morality with Legality?

Answer 23

Assuming something legal is moral, or vice versa.

Question 24

What is Tu Quoque?

Answer 24

Rejecting criticism by accusing the critic of the same fault.

Question 25

What is a Weak Analogy?

Answer 25

Comparing two things that are not sufficiently similar.

Question 26

What is Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?

Answer 26

Assuming that because one thing happened after another, it was caused by it.

Question 27

What is Inversion of Cause and Effect?

Answer 27

Mistaking the effect for the cause.

Question 28

What is an Appeal to Ignorance?

Answer 28

Claiming something is true because it hasn’t been proven false.

Question 29

What is Equivocation?

Answer 29

Using a word with multiple meanings to confuse an argument.

Question 30

What is a Red Herring?

Answer 30

Introducing irrelevant information to distract from the main issue.

Question 31

What is a Slippery Slope?

Answer 31

Arguing that a small step will inevitably lead to a chain of negative events without evidence.

Question 32

What is a Straw Target?

Answer 32

Misrepresenting an opponent’s argument to make it easier to refute.

Question 33

What is a False Dilemma?

Answer 33

Presenting two choices as the only options when others exist.

Question 34

What is Begging the Question?

Answer 34

Assuming the truth of what you're trying to prove.

Question 35

What is the Base Rate Fallacy?

Answer 35

Ignoring general information (base rates) in favor of specific cases.

Question 36

What is Ambiguity?

Answer 36

When a statement can have multiple meanings.

Question 37

What is Vagueness?

Answer 37

When a statement is unclear or imprecise.

Question 38

What are Rhetorical Questions?

Answer 38

Questions asked for effect, not to get an answer.

Question 39

What are Generalisations?

Answer 39

Broad statements. Soft generalisations allow exceptions, while hard generalisations are absolute.

Question 40

What is Implicature?

Answer 40

What is implied but not directly stated.

Question 41

What is Rhetoric?

Answer 41

The art of persuasion.

Question 42

What is Rhetorical Force?

Answer 42

The emotional impact of a statement or argument.

Question 43

What is a Smokescreen?

Answer 43

Introducing irrelevant details or distractions to divert attention from the main issue.

Question 44

What are Buzzwords?

Answer 44

Using trendy or impressive-sounding terms to persuade without clarifying meaning.

Question 45

What is Jargon?

Answer 45

Specialized language that excludes outsiders or confuses the audience.

Question 46

What are Acronyms?

Answer 46

Shortened forms of terms that can obscure meaning for those unfamiliar with them.

Question 47

What is Spin?

Answer 47

Presenting information in a way that manipulates perception to favor a particular perspective.

Question 48

What is Gaslighting?

Answer 48

Manipulating someone into doubting their perception, memory, or reality to gain control or deflect blame.

Question 49

What is an Appeal to Novelty?

Answer 49

Arguing something is better or true because it is new or modern.

Question 50

What is an Appeal to Popularity?

Answer 50

Claiming something is true or good because many people believe or do it.

Question 51

What is an Appeal to Compassion, Pity, or Guilt?

Answer 51

Persuading by evoking sympathy, guilt, or pity rather than providing evidence.

Question 52

What is an Appeal to Cuteness?

Answer 52

Using something adorable or appealing to emotions to sway opinions.

Question 53

What is an Appeal to Sexiness?

Answer 53

Relying on sexual attractiveness to persuade rather than substantive arguments.

Question 54

What is an Appeal to Wealth, Status (etc.)?

Answer 54

Suggesting that wealth, prestige, or social status validates an argument or product.

Question 55

What is an Appeal to Fear?

Answer 55

Manipulating fears to persuade rather than offering logical support.

Question 56

What is an Appeal to Ridicule?

Answer 56

Dismissing or mocking an idea instead of addressing its merits.

Question 57

What is Trading on Equivocation?

Answer 57

Exploiting ambiguity in language to mislead or confuse.

Question 58

What is Trading on Implicature?

Answer 58

Using implied meanings or suggestions to mislead without directly stating something false.

Question 59

What is a Leading Question or Push Polling?

Answer 59

Asking a question designed to lead someone to a specific answer, often subtly or manipulatively.