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intro to forensic psychology > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is probation?

A

The release of an offender from detention, subject to a period of good behavior under supervision.

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2
Q

What is parole?

A

The release of a prisoner temporarily (for a special purpose) or permanently before the completion of a sentence, on the promise of good behavior.

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3
Q

What is common law?

A

Developed by the courts.

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4
Q

What is statutory law?

A

Laws made by legislative bodies.

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5
Q

What does Lombroso argue?

A

A criminal mind was inherited and could be identified by physical features and defects.

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6
Q

What does Goring et al. argue?

A

Intelligence believed to be purely genetically determined, so the view was taken to support the belief that criminality was also genetically determined. However, found no differences and so rejects Lombroso’s theory.

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7
Q

What did Sheldon find about Mesomorphs, Ectomorphs and criminality?

A

Mesomorphic individuals were more prone to committing violent and aggressive acts.

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8
Q

What did Osborn and West find?

A

If you had a criminal father, boys were 40% more likely to have a criminal record compared to 13% for non-criminal fathers.

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9
Q

What do adoption studies suggest?

A

If the adopted child engages in criminal behavior with non-criminal parents, it shows a genetic link for crime.

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10
Q

What is a problem of adoption studies?

A

Not all children adopted at birth - therefore difficult to separate genes and environment.

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11
Q

What is XXY Syndrome?

A

An extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height and low intelligence, and a disproportionate inclination towards violent crime. Later research shows it is irrelevant.

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12
Q

What is psychopathy imaging?

A

Participants shown images of neutral and painful scenarios; when envisaging others, psychopaths had a reduced amygdala response.

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13
Q

What does Jeffery say about operant conditioning and crime?

A

Criminal behaviour is maintained by the reaction and consequences it produces for the individual. To understand crime, it is necessary to understand the consequences of the action.

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14
Q

What is Hirschi’s social bond theory?

A

People do not violate the law due to social bonds: attachment to parents, occupational and educational commitment, academic involvement, and belief in social rules and convention.

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15
Q

What is Eysenck’s biosocial theory?

A

Differences in NS functioning = differences in learning from environment. Criminal behaviour results from a failure of socialisation. The process of socialisation is responsible for making individuals more social and less criminal; antisocial individuals are deficient in classical conditioning.

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16
Q

What is Jeffery’s differential reinforcement theory?

A

Criminal behaviour is down to past experiences of reinforcers and punishers. If you only experience punishment when committing crime, crime will stop.

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17
Q

What is Sutherland’s differential association theory?

A

Criminal behaviour is learned in interactions with others.

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18
Q

What are the three features of personality according to Freud?

A

The id, ego, and superego.

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19
Q

What does psychodynamic theory say about criminal behaviour?

A

Delinquent behaviour can be traced to faulty relations in the family during the first few years of life, resulting in an inadequate superego and ego development.

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20
Q

What conditions are associated with problematic development?

A

Extreme neglect and outright abuse: neither a strong ego nor superego will emerge. Extreme unconditional warmth and affection: strong ego, weak superego.

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21
Q

What did Yochelson and Samenow find about criminal thinking patterns?

A

Criminals are relentless, dissatisfied, and irritable; lack empathy; poor at decision making; believe they have over 40 distinct and erroneous thinking errors that distinguish them from non-offenders.

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22
Q

What is Moffitt’s developmental theory of crime?

A

Life course persistent - offenders who begin to behave antisocially early in childhood and continue this behaviour into adulthood; adolescence limited - exhibit antisocial behaviour only during adolescence.

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23
Q

According to Moffitt’s Developmental Theory of Crime, what percentage of young offenders are thought to become life course persistent offenders?

A

3-5%.

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24
Q

According to Moffitt’s Developmental Theory of Crime, what percentage of young offenders are thought to become adolescence limited offenders?

A

70%.

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25
Q

What are biological theories of youth offending?

A

High rates of heritability for both aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behaviour.

26
Q

What is the callous unemotional trait?

A

A lack of empathy, a disregard for others’ feelings, and shallow or deficient affect, such as a lack of remorse or guilt.

27
Q

What physiological responses are associated with aggression?

A

Low resting heart rate associated with aggression, violence, and antisocial behaviour; link between high levels of testosterone and aggression.

28
Q

What did studies find about brain matter in youth offenders?

A

Those who committed homicide had less grey matter in the hippocampus and temporal lobe, indicating lower brain volume.

29
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

Repetitive, persistent behaviours in which basic rights of others or societal norms are violated, including aggression to people or animals, property destruction, theft, and serious violations of rules.

30
Q

What is oppositional defiant disorder?

A

Pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviour; often loses temper, argues with authority; more prevalent in families where childcare is disrupted.

31
Q

What is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A

Persistent pattern of inattention that interferes with functioning, including inattention, poor attention to details, doesn’t listen when spoken to directly, forgetful in daily activities, hyperactivity, and fidgeting.

32
Q

What are individual risk factors?

A

Personal traits that make someone more likely to engage in criminal behaviour, such as traumatic brain injury and substance abuse.

33
Q

What are familial risk factors?

A

Poor parental supervision, child abuse, insecure attachments.

34
Q

What are school risk factors?

A

Poor academic performance, truancy, low school commitment.

35
Q

What are peer risk factors?

A

Peer delinquency, peer substance use.

36
Q

What are community risk factors?

A

Low socioeconomic neighbourhood, violence, easy access to weapons.

37
Q

What do primary prevention stages focus on?

A

Social and situational factors, family, school, and community oriented.

38
Q

What are secondary prevention stages?

A

Social and clinical services for youth with behavioural problems.

39
Q

What are tertiary prevention strategies?

A

Emphasis on treatment rather than prevention; identification of risk and protective factors.

40
Q

What is the polygraph?

A

Records physiological reactions: skin conductance, respiration depth and response rate, blood pressure; measures arousal.

41
Q

What is the galvanic skin response?

A

Caused by activation of the sympathetic nervous system; it is linked to emotional and physical arousal.

42
Q

Does England and Wales allow the use of the polygraph?

A

Yes, but results cannot be used in court to prove cases.

43
Q

What is the anxiety based approach?

A

Lying makes people nervous, activates their sympathetic system, and triggers physiological changes.

44
Q

What is the recognition based approach?

A

Seeing/hearing information only the liar knows means they will react differently than someone lacking specific knowledge.

45
Q

What are the 3 main polygraph techniques?

A

Relevant/irrelevant technique, control question test, guilty knowledge test.

46
Q

What is the guilty knowledge test?

A

The expected person with guilty knowledge to show a greater orienting response to the item; innocent to show the same level of response to all items.

47
Q

What are the 5 phases of the comparison question test?

A

Pre-interview phase, stimulation test, formulating the question, test proper, scoring phase.

48
Q

What are reasons for lying?

A

Altruistic - white lies; selfishness - to hide crimes, gain an advantage; odd - compulsive lying.

49
Q

What audio differences do liars produce and why?

A

Higher pitch, hesitation, vocal tension due to arousal and cognition.

50
Q

What is verbal analysis in the context of lying?

A

Lying involves different mental processes affecting speech production and sentence structure, resulting in shorter statements, negative words, and less detail.

51
Q

What is statement validity assessment?

A

A verbal lie detection tool to determine credibility of child witness testimonies in trials for sexual offences; relies on a criteria-based content analysis.

52
Q

What is Zuckerman’s 3 factor model?

A

Cognitive load, behavioural control, emotional leakage.

53
Q

What is cognitive load?

A

Decreased cognitive resources available to act natural due to mental strain of lying; formulating a lie is cognitively demanding.

54
Q

What is behavioural control?

A

Attempted impression management to appear honest; may result in over-compensation, controlled behaviour may look rehearsed.

55
Q

What is emotional leakage?

A

Strong emotions experienced during lying, such as fear of being caught, guilt for lying, and duping delight (joy) from fooling someone.

56
Q

What is interpersonal deception theory?

A

Focuses on dyadic, relational, and dialogic nature of deceptive communication; behaviour of one will affect the other.

57
Q

What country has the highest number of inmates for 100,000 population?

A

Australia.

58
Q

What did Kershaw Lloyd et al. find when investigating the effectiveness of deterrence on reconviction rates?

A

No difference between custodial sentences and community penalties.

59
Q

Who claimed there is ‘no one definitive’ cue of lying?

A

DePaulo et al.

60
Q

What is the Othello error?

A

When innocent behaviour is interpreted as evidence of a lie.

intro to forensic psychology (2 decks)

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