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lvl 2 bio > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic unit of life, capable of performing all life processes.

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2
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

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3
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The jelly-like fluid inside the cell that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.

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5
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

The organelles responsible for producing ATP through aerobic respiration, often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

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6
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

The organelle in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

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7
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

The cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating mRNA into polypeptide chains.

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8
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

A network of membranes involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).

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9
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

The organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

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10
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

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11
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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12
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

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13
Q

What is active transport?

A

The process of moving substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

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14
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite external changes.

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15
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

The process of converting biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, involving glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

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16
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

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17
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within a cell, including catabolism (breaking down molecules) and anabolism (building up molecules).

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18
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed in the process.

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19
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

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20
Q

What is a product?

A

The substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.

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21
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The outer boundary of the cell, composed of a lipid bilayer that regulates what enters and exits the cell.

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22
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of protein filaments and tubules that provide structural support, shape, and movement to the cell.

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23
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Cylindrical structures involved in cell division, helping to organize the mitotic spindle.

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24
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A small membrane-bound sac that transports substances within the cell or to the cell membrane for secretion.

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25
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, a controlled process that removes damaged or unnecessary cells.

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26
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various cell types in the body.

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27
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, usually a protein.

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28
Q

What is transcription?

A

The first step of gene expression, where a specific segment of DNA is copied into mRNA.

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29
Q

What is translation?

A

The process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins based on the sequence of mRNA.

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30
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid.

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31
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with a corresponding codon in mRNA during protein synthesis.

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32
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A signaling molecule produced by glands that regulate various physiological processes in the body.

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33
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The process by which a cell responds to external signals through a series of molecular events, leading to a cellular response.

34
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment by engulfing them in a vesicle.

35
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process by which cells expel substances from within the cell to the outside environment using vesicles.

36
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The process of transporting substances across a cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins, without the use of energy.

37
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space or membrane, driving diffusion.

38
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and assembled into ribosome subunits.

39
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides, including interphase and mitosis.

40
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

41
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

42
Q

What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)?

A

The primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.

43
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP.

44
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

A type of respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing energy and byproducts such as lactic acid or ethanol.

45
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen, resulting in carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

46
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, leading to the conversion of substrates into products.

47
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

The direct synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate in a metabolic pathway.

48
Q

What is fermentation?

A

A metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen, typically used by yeast and some bacteria.

49
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins.

50
Q

What is a transgenic organism?

A

An organism that has been genetically modified to contain a gene from another species.

51
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.

52
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

An agent, such as a chemical or radiation, that causes genetic mutation.

53
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The material of which the chromosomes are composed, consisting of DNA and proteins, primarily histones.

54
Q

What is a histone?

A

A protein that helps package DNA into a compact, organized structure known as chromatin.

55
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information; humans typically have 46 chromosomes.

56
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

57
Q

What is the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?

A

A series of chemical reactions used by aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

58
Q

What is a signal molecule?

A

A molecule that transmits a signal to a cell, influencing its activity or behavior.

59
Q

What is a receptor protein?

A

A protein that binds to a specific ligand, initiating a cellular response.

60
Q

What is cell specialization (differentiation)?

A

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type, enabling it to perform a specific function.

61
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

62
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure composed of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in an organism.

63
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out complex functions necessary for survival.

64
Q

What is stem cell differentiation?

A

The process by which stem cells develop into specialized cell types with distinct functions.

65
Q

What are proteins?

A

Large biomolecules made up of amino acids that perform a variety of functions in the cell, including catalyzing reactions and providing structural support.

66
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins, linked together by peptide bonds.

67
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The chemical bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

68
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which folds to form a functional protein.

69
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The basic structural unit of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

70
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself prior to cell division.

71
Q

What is semi-conservative replication?

A

The method of DNA replication in which each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

72
Q

What are mutations?

A

Permanent alterations in the DNA sequence that can affect gene function and lead to variations in traits.

73
Q

What is RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)?

A

A nucleic acid that plays a central role in protein synthesis and gene regulation.

74
Q

What is mRNA (Messenger RNA)?

A

A type of RNA that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

75
Q

What is tRNA (Transfer RNA)?

A

A type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, matching them to the appropriate codon on the mRNA.

76
Q

What is rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)?

A

A type of RNA that makes up the structural and functional components of ribosomes.

77
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences, regulating the transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA.

78
Q

What is gene regulation?

A

The mechanisms that cells use to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (proteins).

79
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The manipulation of an organism’s DNA to alter its characteristics, often involving the addition of foreign DNA.

80
Q

What is cell signaling?

A

The process by which cells communicate with each other to coordinate their activities and respond to changes in their environment.

lvl 2 bio (3 decks)

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