Universe and Solar System Flashcards
THEORY OF CREATION
Creationism is the religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the Universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creations.
Mentioned in the bible, Genesis 1 to 31.
God created us in 6 days, and rested on the 7th day.
BIG BANG THEORY (1920)
Alexander Friedman & Georges Lamaitre
“The universe started with a cataclysm that created space and time and all the matter and energy that has ever existed in the universe.”
The universe started with a small singularity and inflated over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos we know today.
SINGULARITY ERA
0 to approximately 10^-43s
Also known as the Planck Era
Earliest period known to the Universe
All matter was condensed on a single point of infinite density and extreme heat
INFLATIONARY ERA
10^-36 to 10^-32s
The universe expanded from the size of an atomic molecule to 10^35 meters in width.
FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE
10^-65s
The universe was made up of fundamental particles and energy: quarks, electrons, protons, and neutrons.
FORMATION OF THE BASIC ELEMENTS
3s
Protons and neutrons combined to form the nuclei of simple elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium. It will take another 10,000 years for electrons to be captured into orbits around this nucleus to form stable atoms.
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Pairs of hydrogen nuclei form helium nuclei and the process
RADIATION ERA
10,000 years
First major era in the history of the universe.
Energy was in the form of radiation (wavelengths)
X-Rays
Radio Waves
Ultraviolet Waves
Cosmic microwave background radiation
Evidence of the bigbang
Found in the most outer part of the universe
Anything that deals with energy would be under this era
MATTER DOMINATION
300,000 years
Matter began to dominate
Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make small neutral atoms
At this moment, the energy in matter and the energy in radiation are equal but as the expansion continues, the waves of light are stretched to lower and lower energy while the matter travels onward largely unaffected.
Neutral atoms are forced as electrons linked up with hydrogen and helium nuclei.
BIRTH OF STARS AND GALAXIES
Slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally attracted nearby matter and became denser
Gravity amplifies light irregularities in the density of the primordial gas, and even if the universe expands rapidly, pockets of gas become more dense
Gained enough mass to ignite and produce light
Begins with Nebula
Once these things get attracted together, they condense
The condensation of hydrogen and helium gives strength to the star
Gravitational Force
attractive forces that bind the nuclear system
Strong Nuclear Force
the force that binds nucleus
Weak Nuclear Force
short range force present in the radioactive decay (such as beta decay)
Electromagnetic force
can be attractive or repulsive
Galaxies moving away (Edwin Hubble, 1924)
The distance between galaxies is increasing with time. His paper was presented at the American Astronomical Society. Before, people thought that the whole universe consisted of only the Milky Way galaxy. On January 1, 1995, it was considered to be the birth of the universe.
Cosmic Microwave Background CMB (Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson, 1960)
CMB is speculated to be the remnant energy left over from the formation of the universe. CMB is the so-called “afterglow” or ‘relic radiation” from the time the universe was filled with extremely hot gas; however since the universe cooled down as it expanded, it was calculated that the afterglow is already in the radio wave band of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Abundance of light elements
Massive amount of He and H, with trace amounts of Be.
OPEN UNIVERSE THEORY BIG CRUNCH
dark energy reverse and is not expanding. It expands and narrows
