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Plant Physiology > Unity Across Plants > Flashcards

Unity Across Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Primary cell wall

A
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2
Q

Secondary cell walls

A

Several deposits of lignin and much stronger since it is several um thick

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3
Q

How much of the cell space does the vacuole take up?

A

80-90%

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4
Q

How many chloroplasts per cell?

A

20-40 (5-8um long)

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5
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Spherical organelles that function to oxidize compounds, and also to break down peroxide, a by-product of cellular reactions

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6
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Tubular extensions of plasma membrane 40-50nm in diameter that transverse the cell wall and connect two cells. ER also bridges the cells. Compounds which are around 2nm in diameter may be transported through the microchannels formed by the plasma membrane and ER in the cavity.

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7
Q

Symplast

A

Continuous path through cells by cytoplasm

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8
Q

Apoplast

A

Outside protoplasts and chloroplasts functioning as a second continuous space

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9
Q

Plant cell mitochondria

A

Site of respiration; usually 3um long

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10
Q

Dermal tissues

A

Epidermis, cuticle, guard cells, root hairs

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11
Q

Ground tissues

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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12
Q

Parenchyma

A

Thin-walled, metabolically active cells, functional in metabolism, photosynthesis

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13
Q

Collenchyma

A

Narrow, elongated cells with thick primary walls, provide structural support to growing plant body; stretch as organs grow

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14
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Consists of two types of cells:
Sclereids, which range from spherical to branched, widely distributed throughout the plant
Fibers, which are narrow, elongated cells commonly associated with vascular tissues
Both have thick secondary walls, are dead at maturity, and provide mechanical support to non-elongating parts of plant

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15
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Xylem–carries water and nutrients
Tracheids in gymnosperms, vessels in angiosperms
Phloem–carries sugars and signal molecules
Sieve cells in gymnosperms, sieve tubes in angiosperms

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16
Q

How many different species of angiosperm and gymnosperm?

A

Angiosperms–250,000

Gymnosperms–700

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17
Q

What are 5 characters that define a good model plant?

A 
Grows and germinates quickly
Easily observable
Genome can be easily manipulated
Beneficial to science, costs are low
Gives off many progeny
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18
Q

Apoplast and Symplast:
Which is better suited to transport water?
Which for large biomolecules?

A

Apoplast is better for conducting water through areas not cluttered with organelles
Symplast is better for conducting large biomolecules through cytoplasm

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19
Q

What makes up most of the mass of plant cells?

A

Water

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20
Q

Why do plants need so much water?

A

Plants need to open stomata to access CO2, but most water will transpire within an hour after uptake

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21
Q

What can transpiration also do?

A

Passive cooling

22
Q

Why is water a good choice of molecule for plants?

A

Hydrogen bonds, supersolvent, high specific heat, high surface tension for ease of capillary action, high tensile strength

23
Q

Diffusion

A

Driving force is concentration gradient (delta c/ delta x)
Transport coefficient is diffusion coefficient D
FICK’S LAW: Flow = -D x (delta c/ delta x)
Time to diffuse = L^2 / D

24
Q

Bulk flow

A

Driving force in bulk flow is pressure gradient (pressure pot. / change in x)
Transport coefficient in bulk flow is hydraulic conductance (Kh)
DARCY’S LAW: Flow = Kh x (pressure pot. / change in x)
POISEUILLE’S LAW: Kh = pi x r^4 / (8 x viscosity of liquid (n))

25
Q

Osmosis

A

Driving force in osmosis is water potential gradient (change in psi)
Transport coefficient of osmosis is membrane conductivity (Lp)
OSMOSIS EQUATION: Lp x (change in psi)

26
Q

Water potential concept

A

Psi = solute potential + pressure potential + gravity potential

27
Q

VANT HOFF EQUATION

A

Psi s = -RTc

28
Q

CAPILLARY RISE EQUATION

A

Capillary Rise = (14.9 x 10^-6 m^2) / radius

29
Q

Practice Work!!!

A

126-129

30
Q

Relative Water Content

A

(Fresh mass - dry mass) / (saturated mass - dry mass)

31
Q

What other indexes of water status exist?

A

Leaf water potential

Turgor pressure and turgor loss point

32
Q

What are the four major parameters of drought tolerance?

A

Osmotic potential at full turgor
Osmotic potential at turgor loss point
Modulus of elasticity
Apoplastic fraction

33
Q

How does water move into the roots?

A

Through root hairs, 60% or more of water is taken in here

34
Q

Water pathway in roots

A

Root hairs, Apoplast, transmembrane and Symplast pathway, then finally reaches the endodermis

35
Q

What does water pass through to get to the xylem?

A

Casuarina strip

36
Q

What pores have the Casparian strip?

A

Aquaporins

37
Q

How does the xylem deal with air bubbles?

A

Closing stomata

38
Q

What percentage of leaf is air?

A

Up to 50%

39
Q

TRANSPIRATION RATE EQUATION

A 
E = D x g x VPD
g = diffusional conductance = 1/diffusional resistance
VPD = VPsaturation - VPambient
RH = VPambient / VPsaturation
40
Q

What are the 7 essential macronutrients?

A

N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Si

41
Q

What are the 9 essential micronutrients?

A

Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Na, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo

42
Q

What is the amount of diversity for plants?

A

Unified phylogenetically, conceptually, and structurally (and cellularly) from a branch of the tree of life starting 450 mya.

43
Q

Where do the light reactions take place?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

44
Q

Where do the carbon reactions take place?

A

In the stroma

45
Q

What is the visible spectrum?

A

400-700nm

46
Q

Why are photosynthetic pigments good for photosynthesis?

A

Their many conjugated double bonds can help stabilize electrons in excited states

47
Q

What is used to study the light absorbed and efficiency of wavelength of light?

A

Action spectra by testing the O2 production at different wavelengths of light

48
Q

What surrounds chloroplasts

A

Two lipid bilateral membranes: inner envelope and outer envelope

49
Q

What are the electron carriers of photosynthesis?

A

Cytochrome b6f

Plastic yawning and plastoquinone

50
Q

How is energy transferred from antenna to reaction center?

A

Fluorescence resonance energy (like nonradiative energy of tuning forks)

Plant Physiology (1 decks)

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