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break work Stuff > Units 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Units 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The Enlightenment

A

The period in which intellectuals began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values

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2
Q

Individualism

A

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control

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3
Q

self-determination

A

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

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4
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

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5
Q

Humanism

A

a Renaissance cultural movement which turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought

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6
Q

Socialism

A

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

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7
Q

Liberalism

A

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law

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8
Q

Age of Isms

A

New ideas emerged about how to improve society. Schools of thought including socialism and liberalism arose, giving rise to the period being called “the Age of Isms.” Opposing socialism and liberalism were the currents of conservatism, particularly popular among European rulers, and romanticism

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9
Q

Revolutions

A

a revolution is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization. Usually occurs when the population is unhappy

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10
Q

Nationalism

A

a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture

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11
Q

Empiricism

A

belief that knowledge comes from experience rather than relying on reasoning provided by tradition or religion

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12
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

a philosopher who argued that people are born into a bleak world and form a social contract by giving up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order

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13
Q

John Locke

A

Believed that the social contract implied the responsibility of citizens to revolt against an unjust goverment

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14
Q

Tabula rasa

A

theory that at birth the (human) mind is a “blank slate” without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one’s sensory experiences

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15
Q

Philosophes

A

the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues

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16
Q

Montesquieu

A

the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world

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17
Q

Voltaire

A

French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic Church, as well as his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state

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18
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought

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19
Q

The Social Contract

A

a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual

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20
Q

Adam Smith

A

known as ‘‘The Father of Economics’’ or ‘‘The Father of Capitalism’’

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21
Q

The Wealth of Nations

A

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

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22
Q

Laissez Faire

A

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering

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23
Q

Capitalism

A

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

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24
Q

Deism

A

belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe

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25
Q

Thomas Paine

A

He authored the two most influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution and inspired the patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Great Britain

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26
Q

Conservatism

A

belief in traditional institutions

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27
Q

Utopian Socialists

A

those who felt that society could be channeled in positive direction by setting up ideal communities

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28
Q

Fabian Society

A

The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.

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29
Q

classical liberalism

A

belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches

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30
Q

Feminsim

A

the advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes

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31
Q

Abolitionism

A

movement to end the slave trade and free all enslaved people

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32
Q

Serfdom

A

Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems

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33
Q

Zionism

A

the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East

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34
Q

Anti-Semitism

A

hostility towards the Jewish religion

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35
Q

Theodor Herzi

A

an Austro-Hungarian jew who led the Zionist movement

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36
Q

Dreyfus Affair

A

involved a Jewish artillery captain in the French army, Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), who was falsely convicted of passing military secrets to the Germans

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37
Q

Creoles

A

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean

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38
Q

Mestizos

A

a person of combined European and Indigenous American descent

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39
Q

Peninsulares

A

were the group of people who came directly from the Iberian Peninsula in Spain to the colonies in the Americas `

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40
Q

Mulattoes

A

a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent

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41
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

was a Venezuelan military and political leader who was instrumental in helping Latin American countries achieve independence from the Spanish Empire

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42
Q

Revolutions in South America

A

The Creoles led the revolutions that effected the expulsion of the colonial regime from Spanish America in the early 19th century. After independence in Mexico, Peru, and elsewhere, Creoles entered the ruling class

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43
Q

Propaganda movement

A

was a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting approximately from 1880 to 1886 with the most activity between 1880 and 1895

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44
Q

Philippine Revolution

A

a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities of the Spanish East Indies, under the Spanish Empire

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45
Q

Cavour

A

was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification

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46
Q

Realpolitik

A

a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological consideration

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47
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini

A

an Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy, and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement

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48
Q

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A

Italian patriot and guerrilla leader who helped to bring about Italian unification

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49
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich

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50
Q

Napoleonic Wars

A

a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers

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51
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

a conservative German statesman who masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871 and served as its first chancellor until 1890, in which capacity he dominated European affairs for two decades

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52
Q

immigration

A

the movement of people into one country from another

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53
Q

Ottomanism

A

a concept which developed prior to the 1876-1878 First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Its proponents believed that it could solve the social issues that the empire was facing

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54
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

the changes in manufacturing and transportation that began with fewer things being made by hand but instead made using machines in larger-scale factories

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55
Q

Industrialziation

A

the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society

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56
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe

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57
Q

Crop rotation

A

practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons

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58
Q

Seed drill

A

a device that sows the seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth. This ensures that seeds will be distributed evenly

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59
Q

Cottage industry system

A

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home

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60
Q

Spinning Jenny

A

a machine for spinning with more than one spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves in 1770

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61
Q

Water frame

A

a large spinning machine and was used when cloth was only made by hand. The machine made thousands of cotton threads all at once

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62
Q

James Hargreaves

A

famous for the invention of the spinning jenny in 1764

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63
Q

Richard Arkwright

A

developed several inventions which mechanized the making of yarn and thread for the textile industry

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64
Q

Factory system

A

a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor

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65
Q

Interchangeable parts

A

parts that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type

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66
Q

Eli Whitney

A

Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin

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67
Q

Division of Labor

A

the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency

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68
Q

Specialization of Labor

A

the segmenting of large, labor-intensive tasks into workable subtasks that may be done by different workers or different groups of workers

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69
Q

Assembly line

A

Allows mass production through having a series of workers in a factory putting in identical parts to progressively assemble something

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70
Q

raw materials

A

the basic material from which a product is made

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71
Q

capital

A

money to invest in businesses

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72
Q

enclosure movement

A

a push in the 18th and 19th centuries to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village and give it to people who would pay the government

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73
Q

Human Capital

A

workforce

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74
Q

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A

a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East

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75
Q

Defensive modernization

A

when a country is able to build their own economic and educational structure

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76
Q

Company Rule

A

the rule or dominion of the British East India Company over parts of the Indian subcontinent

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77
Q

Arms act of 1878

A

An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Arms

78
Q

steam engine

A

a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid

79
Q

James Watt

A

a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen’s 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776

80
Q

Steamships

A

a type of steam-powered vessel that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels

81
Q

coaling stations

A

repositories of fuel that have been located to service commercial and naval vessels

82
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A

a phase of rapid standardization and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century

83
Q

Bessemer process

A

the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel

84
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

a Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone

85
Q

Gugliemo Marconi

A

credited with the work necessary for all future radio technology

86
Q

Transcontinental Railroad

A

1,912-mile continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network to the Western one

87
Q

Opium war

A

two wars in the mid-19th century involving Great Qing and the British Government and concerned their imposition of trade of opium upon China

88
Q

The sick man of Europe

A

Phrase used to refer to the Ottoman Empire

89
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

Tried to Westernize Egypt’s military and made its economy bloom

90
Q

Mamluks

A

used to refer to non-Muslim slave soldiers and Muslim rulers of slave origin

91
Q

State-sponsered industrialization

A

governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization

92
Q

isolationism

A

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries

93
Q

Matthew Perry

A

played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West

94
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

an event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji

95
Q

Charter Oath

A

The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji’s reign

96
Q

Zaibatsu

A

a large Japanese business conglomerate

97
Q

Automatic loom

A

Automatically replenished flat, or automatic looms

98
Q

Structures

A

construct or arrange according to a plan; give a pattern or organization to

99
Q

corporations

A

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law

100
Q

stockholders

A

an individual or institution that legally owns one or more shares of stock in a public or private corporation

101
Q

stock market

A

the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks

102
Q

monopoly

A

the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity

103
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. Founder of De Beers Diamonds

104
Q

transnational

A

extending or operating across national boundaries

105
Q

Businesses

A

a commercial operation or company that makes money

106
Q

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

A

British owned bank opened in Hong Kong and focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking

107
Q

Unilever Corporation

A

British and Dutch venture that focused on household goods- most famously soap

108
Q

Population

A

number of people in an area

109
Q

Consumerism

A

the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers

110
Q

Urbanization

A

the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas

111
Q

Industry

A

a sector that produces goods or related services within an economy

112
Q

Labor Unions

A

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

113
Q

Voting rights

A

having the ability to vote

114
Q

child labor

A

Making children that are young work. usually long hours with little pay and dangerous jobs

115
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy

116
Q

Utilitarianism

A

the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority

117
Q

Karl Marx

A

a German philosopher most famously known for his idea of Communism

118
Q

Fredrich Engels

A

was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman who lived from 1820 to 1895

119
Q

Communist manifesto

A

political document by German philosophers Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels

120
Q

proletariat

A

workers or working-class people

121
Q

bourgeoisie

A

the middle class

122
Q

means of production

A

the facilities and resources for producing goods

123
Q

communism

A

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

124
Q

Mahmud ll

A

helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite defeats in wars and losses of territory

125
Q

Tanzimat

A

a reform period in the Ottoman Empire lasting from 1839 to 1871

126
Q

Hatt-i Humayun

A

diplomatic term for a document or handwritten note of an official nature composed by an Ottoman Sultan

127
Q

millets

A

Legal courts established by different religious communities

128
Q

Self-Strengthening Movement

A

a campaign for economic and military reform in China, inspired by the nation’s military weakness in the mid 19th century

129
Q

Hundred Days of Reform

A

a failed 103-day national, cultural, political, and educational reform movement

130
Q

Bushido

A

the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai

131
Q

tenement

A

apartment buildings owned by factory owners

132
Q

slums

A

areas of cities where low income families were forced to live

133
Q

working class

A

those who labored in factories and coal mines

134
Q

White collar workers

A

new middle class that emerged that consisted of factory and office managers

135
Q

Mass production

A

goods were cheaper, more abundant and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than before

136
Q

imperialism

A

policy of expansion and creating empires

137
Q

Sino-Japanese War

A

War that began because Japan was trying to take control over Korea. Japan won and gained Korea

138
Q

Phrenologists

A

people who study skull sizes and shapes

139
Q

Charles Darwin

A

British scientist known for his theory of evolution

140
Q

Social Darwinism

A

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals

141
Q

New Imperialism

A

period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

142
Q

Quinine

A

medicine that treats the tropical disease malaria

143
Q

Suez Canal

A

Canal managed by a French company that connected the Red and Mediterranean Seas

144
Q

Corvee laborers

A

a form of unpaid, unfree labour, which is intermittent in nature and which lasts limited periods of time

145
Q

Settler colony

A

areas outside Europe in which so many European immigrants voluntarily settled

146
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

the competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa

147
Q

Berlin Conference

A

a meeting for the European Colonies to discuss how they would split Africa up

148
Q

Afrikaners

A

descendants of the 17th-century Dutch settlers

149
Q

Boer Wars

A

conflicts in which the Boers and the British fought over land

150
Q

concentration camps

A

settlements with poor medical care and sanitation that were segregated by race

151
Q

Sepoys

A

native Indian soldiers

152
Q

Spheres of influence

A

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority

153
Q

Boxer rebellion

A

an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government

154
Q

French Indochina

A

modern day Cambodia, Laos, and all of modern-day Vietnam

155
Q

Penal Colony

A

a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location

156
Q

Trail of Tears

A

forced migration of the indigenous people to what is now Oklahoma

157
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

stated that European nations shouldn’t intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere

158
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean

159
Q

Roosevelt Corollary

A

addition to the Monroe doctrine that if a country in Latin America demonstrated “instability”, the US would intervene

160
Q

Great game

A

a rivalry between the British and Russians for dominance in Afghanistan

161
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

reserved lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans

162
Q

Indian Removal Act 1830

A

the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American tribes were removed from their lands

163
Q

Ghost Dance

A

rituals of dances and songs to hasten the dead’s revival to drive out the whites

164
Q

Tupac Amaru ll

A

descended from the last Incan ruler. In 1780, he arrested and executed a colonial administrator, charging him with cruelty

165
Q

Sepoy Mutiny

A

violent uprising by Hindus and Muslims against the British. The rebellion was crushed, but Indian nationalism was emerging

166
Q

Indian National Congress

A

party created by several British-educated Indians

167
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

ended the Spanish-American war and transferred control of the Philippines to America from Spain. Led to the Philippine-American war

168
Q

Pan-Africanism

A

the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa

169
Q

Sokoto caliphate

A

was an independent Islamic Sunni Caliphate in West Africa that was founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1804 by Usman dan Fodio

170
Q

Usman dan Fodio

A

a religious teacher, revolutionary, military leader, writer and Islamic promoter, and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate

171
Q

Xhosa

A

a member of a South African people traditionally living in the Eastern Cape Province. They form the second largest ethnic group in South Africa after the Zulus

172
Q

Xhosa cattle killing movement

A

prophecies led to a millenarian movement that culminated in the Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine of 1856-7

173
Q

Zulu

A

a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa

174
Q

Samory Toure

A

a Muslim cleric, and the founder and leader of the Wassoulou Empire

175
Q

Mahdist revolt

A

a war of the late 19th century between the Mahdist Sudanese of the religious leader Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah, who had proclaimed himself the “Mahdi” of Islam, and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt

176
Q

Muhammad Ahmad

A

a Nubian religious leader of the Samaniyya order in Sudan who, as a youth, combined orthodox religious study with a mystical interpretation of Islam. On 29 June 1881, he was proclaimed the Mahdi by his disciples, the messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith

177
Q

Mahdi

A

the messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith

178
Q

Yaa Asantewaa

A

the queen mother of Ejisu in the Ashanti Empire

179
Q

Asante empire

A

an Akan empire and kingdom from 1670 to 1957 in what is now modern-day Ghana

180
Q

telgraph

A

a system for transmitting messages from a distance along a wire, especially one creating signals by making and breaking an electrical connection

181
Q

export economies

A

a country where international trade makes up a large percentage of its economy

182
Q

De Beers Mining Company

A

company that specializes in diamond exploration

183
Q

Apartheid

A

a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race

184
Q

monocultures

A

the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time

185
Q

Treaty of Nanking

A

a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and China on 29 August 1842

186
Q

Pampas

A

extensive, treeless plains in South America

187
Q

Diaspora

A

the dispersion of any people from their original homeland

188
Q

Great Famine

A

a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1849

189
Q

Ethnic Enclaves

A

a geographic area with high ethnic concentration

190
Q

Mohandas Gandhi

A

Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India’s independence from British Rule

191
Q

Kangani systems

A

a form of labour recruitment and organisation in parts of Southeast Asia under British colonial rule, generally in operation from the early 19th century until the early 20th century

192
Q

Chinese Exclusion act

A

an immigration law passed in 1882 that prevented Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States

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