Units 5 and 6 Flashcards
The Enlightenment
The period in which intellectuals began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values
Individualism
a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control
self-determination
the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government
Scientific Revolution
a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
Humanism
a Renaissance cultural movement which turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought
Socialism
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law
Age of Isms
New ideas emerged about how to improve society. Schools of thought including socialism and liberalism arose, giving rise to the period being called “the Age of Isms.” Opposing socialism and liberalism were the currents of conservatism, particularly popular among European rulers, and romanticism
Revolutions
a revolution is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization. Usually occurs when the population is unhappy
Nationalism
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture
Empiricism
belief that knowledge comes from experience rather than relying on reasoning provided by tradition or religion
Thomas Hobbes
a philosopher who argued that people are born into a bleak world and form a social contract by giving up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order
John Locke
Believed that the social contract implied the responsibility of citizens to revolt against an unjust goverment
Tabula rasa
theory that at birth the (human) mind is a “blank slate” without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one’s sensory experiences
Philosophes
the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues
Montesquieu
the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world
Voltaire
French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic Church, as well as his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought
The Social Contract
a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual
Adam Smith
known as ‘‘The Father of Economics’’ or ‘‘The Father of Capitalism’’
The Wealth of Nations
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Laissez Faire
a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering
Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
Deism
belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe
Thomas Paine
He authored the two most influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution and inspired the patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Great Britain
Conservatism
belief in traditional institutions
Utopian Socialists
those who felt that society could be channeled in positive direction by setting up ideal communities
Fabian Society
The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.
classical liberalism
belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches
Feminsim
the advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes
Abolitionism
movement to end the slave trade and free all enslaved people
Serfdom
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems
Zionism
the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
Anti-Semitism
hostility towards the Jewish religion
Theodor Herzi
an Austro-Hungarian jew who led the Zionist movement
Dreyfus Affair
involved a Jewish artillery captain in the French army, Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), who was falsely convicted of passing military secrets to the Germans
Creoles
a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean
Mestizos
a person of combined European and Indigenous American descent
Peninsulares
were the group of people who came directly from the Iberian Peninsula in Spain to the colonies in the Americas `
Mulattoes
a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent
Simon Bolivar
was a Venezuelan military and political leader who was instrumental in helping Latin American countries achieve independence from the Spanish Empire
Revolutions in South America
The Creoles led the revolutions that effected the expulsion of the colonial regime from Spanish America in the early 19th century. After independence in Mexico, Peru, and elsewhere, Creoles entered the ruling class
Propaganda movement
was a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting approximately from 1880 to 1886 with the most activity between 1880 and 1895
Philippine Revolution
a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities of the Spanish East Indies, under the Spanish Empire
Cavour
was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification
Realpolitik
a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological consideration
Giuseppe Mazzini
an Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy, and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian patriot and guerrilla leader who helped to bring about Italian unification
Congress of Vienna
a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich
Napoleonic Wars
a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers
Otto von Bismarck
a conservative German statesman who masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871 and served as its first chancellor until 1890, in which capacity he dominated European affairs for two decades
immigration
the movement of people into one country from another
Ottomanism
a concept which developed prior to the 1876-1878 First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Its proponents believed that it could solve the social issues that the empire was facing
Industrial Revolution
the changes in manufacturing and transportation that began with fewer things being made by hand but instead made using machines in larger-scale factories
Industrialziation
the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society
Agricultural Revolution
a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe
Crop rotation
practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons
Seed drill
a device that sows the seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth. This ensures that seeds will be distributed evenly
Cottage industry system
a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home
Spinning Jenny
a machine for spinning with more than one spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves in 1770
Water frame
a large spinning machine and was used when cloth was only made by hand. The machine made thousands of cotton threads all at once
James Hargreaves
famous for the invention of the spinning jenny in 1764
Richard Arkwright
developed several inventions which mechanized the making of yarn and thread for the textile industry
Factory system
a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor
Interchangeable parts
parts that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type
Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin
Division of Labor
the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency
Specialization of Labor
the segmenting of large, labor-intensive tasks into workable subtasks that may be done by different workers or different groups of workers
Assembly line
Allows mass production through having a series of workers in a factory putting in identical parts to progressively assemble something
raw materials
the basic material from which a product is made
capital
money to invest in businesses
enclosure movement
a push in the 18th and 19th centuries to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village and give it to people who would pay the government
Human Capital
workforce
Trans-Siberian Railroad
a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East
Defensive modernization
when a country is able to build their own economic and educational structure
Company Rule
the rule or dominion of the British East India Company over parts of the Indian subcontinent
Arms act of 1878
An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Arms
steam engine
a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid
James Watt
a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen’s 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776
Steamships
a type of steam-powered vessel that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels
coaling stations
repositories of fuel that have been located to service commercial and naval vessels
Second Industrial Revolution
a phase of rapid standardization and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century
Bessemer process
the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel
Alexander Graham Bell
a Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone
Gugliemo Marconi
credited with the work necessary for all future radio technology
Transcontinental Railroad
1,912-mile continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network to the Western one
Opium war
two wars in the mid-19th century involving Great Qing and the British Government and concerned their imposition of trade of opium upon China
The sick man of Europe
Phrase used to refer to the Ottoman Empire
Muhammad Ali
Tried to Westernize Egypt’s military and made its economy bloom
Mamluks
used to refer to non-Muslim slave soldiers and Muslim rulers of slave origin
State-sponsered industrialization
governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization
isolationism
a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries
Matthew Perry
played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West
Meiji Restoration
an event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji
Charter Oath
The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji’s reign
Zaibatsu
a large Japanese business conglomerate
Automatic loom
Automatically replenished flat, or automatic looms
Structures
construct or arrange according to a plan; give a pattern or organization to
corporations
a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law
stockholders
an individual or institution that legally owns one or more shares of stock in a public or private corporation
stock market
the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks
monopoly
the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity
Cecil Rhodes
served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. Founder of De Beers Diamonds
transnational
extending or operating across national boundaries
Businesses
a commercial operation or company that makes money
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
British owned bank opened in Hong Kong and focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking
Unilever Corporation
British and Dutch venture that focused on household goods- most famously soap
Population
number of people in an area
Consumerism
the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers
Urbanization
the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
Industry
a sector that produces goods or related services within an economy
Labor Unions
an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
Voting rights
having the ability to vote
child labor
Making children that are young work. usually long hours with little pay and dangerous jobs
John Stuart Mill
contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy
Utilitarianism
the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority
Karl Marx
a German philosopher most famously known for his idea of Communism
Fredrich Engels
was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman who lived from 1820 to 1895
Communist manifesto
political document by German philosophers Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels
proletariat
workers or working-class people
bourgeoisie
the middle class
means of production
the facilities and resources for producing goods
communism
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
Mahmud ll
helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite defeats in wars and losses of territory
Tanzimat
a reform period in the Ottoman Empire lasting from 1839 to 1871
Hatt-i Humayun
diplomatic term for a document or handwritten note of an official nature composed by an Ottoman Sultan
millets
Legal courts established by different religious communities
Self-Strengthening Movement
a campaign for economic and military reform in China, inspired by the nation’s military weakness in the mid 19th century
Hundred Days of Reform
a failed 103-day national, cultural, political, and educational reform movement
Bushido
the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai
tenement
apartment buildings owned by factory owners
slums
areas of cities where low income families were forced to live
working class
those who labored in factories and coal mines
White collar workers
new middle class that emerged that consisted of factory and office managers
Mass production
goods were cheaper, more abundant and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than before
imperialism
policy of expansion and creating empires
Sino-Japanese War
War that began because Japan was trying to take control over Korea. Japan won and gained Korea
Phrenologists
people who study skull sizes and shapes
Charles Darwin
British scientist known for his theory of evolution
Social Darwinism
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals
New Imperialism
period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Quinine
medicine that treats the tropical disease malaria
Suez Canal
Canal managed by a French company that connected the Red and Mediterranean Seas
Corvee laborers
a form of unpaid, unfree labour, which is intermittent in nature and which lasts limited periods of time
Settler colony
areas outside Europe in which so many European immigrants voluntarily settled
Scramble for Africa
the competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa
Berlin Conference
a meeting for the European Colonies to discuss how they would split Africa up
Afrikaners
descendants of the 17th-century Dutch settlers
Boer Wars
conflicts in which the Boers and the British fought over land
concentration camps
settlements with poor medical care and sanitation that were segregated by race
Sepoys
native Indian soldiers
Spheres of influence
a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority
Boxer rebellion
an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government
French Indochina
modern day Cambodia, Laos, and all of modern-day Vietnam
Penal Colony
a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location
Trail of Tears
forced migration of the indigenous people to what is now Oklahoma
Monroe Doctrine
stated that European nations shouldn’t intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere
Manifest Destiny
a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean
Roosevelt Corollary
addition to the Monroe doctrine that if a country in Latin America demonstrated “instability”, the US would intervene
Great game
a rivalry between the British and Russians for dominance in Afghanistan
Proclamation of 1763
reserved lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans
Indian Removal Act 1830
the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American tribes were removed from their lands
Ghost Dance
rituals of dances and songs to hasten the dead’s revival to drive out the whites
Tupac Amaru ll
descended from the last Incan ruler. In 1780, he arrested and executed a colonial administrator, charging him with cruelty
Sepoy Mutiny
violent uprising by Hindus and Muslims against the British. The rebellion was crushed, but Indian nationalism was emerging
Indian National Congress
party created by several British-educated Indians
Treaty of Paris
ended the Spanish-American war and transferred control of the Philippines to America from Spain. Led to the Philippine-American war
Pan-Africanism
the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa
Sokoto caliphate
was an independent Islamic Sunni Caliphate in West Africa that was founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1804 by Usman dan Fodio
Usman dan Fodio
a religious teacher, revolutionary, military leader, writer and Islamic promoter, and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate
Xhosa
a member of a South African people traditionally living in the Eastern Cape Province. They form the second largest ethnic group in South Africa after the Zulus
Xhosa cattle killing movement
prophecies led to a millenarian movement that culminated in the Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine of 1856-7
Zulu
a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa
Samory Toure
a Muslim cleric, and the founder and leader of the Wassoulou Empire
Mahdist revolt
a war of the late 19th century between the Mahdist Sudanese of the religious leader Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah, who had proclaimed himself the “Mahdi” of Islam, and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt
Muhammad Ahmad
a Nubian religious leader of the Samaniyya order in Sudan who, as a youth, combined orthodox religious study with a mystical interpretation of Islam. On 29 June 1881, he was proclaimed the Mahdi by his disciples, the messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith
Mahdi
the messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith
Yaa Asantewaa
the queen mother of Ejisu in the Ashanti Empire
Asante empire
an Akan empire and kingdom from 1670 to 1957 in what is now modern-day Ghana
telgraph
a system for transmitting messages from a distance along a wire, especially one creating signals by making and breaking an electrical connection
export economies
a country where international trade makes up a large percentage of its economy
De Beers Mining Company
company that specializes in diamond exploration
Apartheid
a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race
monocultures
the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time
Treaty of Nanking
a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and China on 29 August 1842
Pampas
extensive, treeless plains in South America
Diaspora
the dispersion of any people from their original homeland
Great Famine
a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1849
Ethnic Enclaves
a geographic area with high ethnic concentration
Mohandas Gandhi
Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India’s independence from British Rule
Kangani systems
a form of labour recruitment and organisation in parts of Southeast Asia under British colonial rule, generally in operation from the early 19th century until the early 20th century
Chinese Exclusion act
an immigration law passed in 1882 that prevented Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States
