Units 5&6 Flashcards
the Enlightenment
the shift of emphasis from tradition to reason and from community values to individualism
Age of Isms
other name for the Enlightenment; isms included socialism, liberalism, conservatism, nationalism, empiricism, deism, feminism, abolitionism, Zionism, and others
nationalism
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture
empiricism
the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience
John Locke
Two Treatises of Government, social contract, blank slate, natural rights
social contract
a strong government should provide law and order, and citizens have the right and responsibility to to revolt against an unjust government
tabula rasa
“blank slate”; all people are born with an empty mind waiting to be filled with knowledge; radical belief for the time
philosophes
group of thinkers and writers who explored political, social, and economic theories in new ways
Baron Montesquieu
The Spirit of Laws;checks and balances
Voltaire
Candide; pro-constitutional monarchy and civil rights, wanted religious liberty and judicial reform in France
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract; social contract, education, General Will of a population
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations; laissez-faire capitalism
laissez-faire
government shouldn’t intervene in economy
capitalism
the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit
Deism
the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion
Thomas Paine
The Age of Reason-defended Deism
Common Sense-pop. in America for advocating liberty from Britain
consveratism
belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories
socialism
a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production
utopian socialists
those who believed that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities
Henri de Saint-Simon
believed that scientists and engineers working with businesses could operate clean, efficient, beautiful workplaces
Charles Fourier
identified 810 passions that would make work work more enjoyable and workers less tired
Robert Owen
established small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism
Fabian Society
socialist group that favored reforming society by parliamentary means
classical liberalism
belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches
Mary Wollstonecraft
A Vindication of the Rights of Women; argued that females should receive the same education as males
abolitionism
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people
Zionism
the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
anti-Semitism
hostility towards Jews
Theodor Herzl
leader of Zionist movement
Dreyfus Affair
a Jewish military officer was convicted of treason against the French government based on forged documents; increased support for Zionism
Declaration of Independence
expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule; included a slight modification of Locke’s natural rights
liberté, égalité, et fraternité
“liberty, equality, fraternity”; slogan of the French revolution
Bastille
French prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; was stormed on July 14 1789
Declaration of the Rights of Man
statement declaring basic human rights
Reign of Terror
period during which the French government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen. Started by the Jacobins
Haiti
French sugar and coffee colony
Maroons
escaped slaves
Toussaint L’Ouverture
former slave that led a general rebellion against slavery
creoles
Europeans born in the Americas
mestizos
people in American colonies with both European and native parents
peninsulares
colonists born in Spain or Portugal
mulattoes
people of African and either European or indigenous ancestory
Simón Bolívar
creole who pushed for enlightenment ideals in Latin America. Became instrumental in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
Lola Rodríguez de Tió
female Puerto Rican poet who criticized Spain’s rule over Puerto Rico
Propaganda Movement
movement where Filipinos called for greater autonomy of the Philippines through publications. Led to the the Philippine Revolution
realpolitik
the practical policies of reality that Count di Cavour believed in
Giuseppe Mazzini
created the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy that Cavour adopted
Risorgimento
Italian resurgence
Giuseppe Garibaldi
leader of the Red Shirts fighting in the southern Kingdom of Naples; allied with Cavour to achieve Italian unification
Otto von Bismark
favored realpolitik, used nationalism to three wars to unify Germany
immigration
the movement of people into a country form other countries
Ottomanism
a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state
Industrial Revolution
the dramatic change in society and economics due to new technologies
industrialization
the increased mechanization of production and the social changes that came with the shift
agricultural revolution
an increase in agricultural productivity
crop rotation
rotating different crops in and out of a field each year
seed drill
a device that efficiently puts seeds in a designated spot in the ground
cottage industry
putting-out system; system developed in Britain where merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes for low pay and some independence
spinning jenny
made weaving cloth faster
water frame
made spinning yarn faster
James Hargreaves
invented the spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright
invented the waster frame
factory system
system of manufacture that uses machinery
Eli Whitney
inventor of interchangeable parts
interchangeable parts
allowed parts of manufactured goods to be replaced when they break, rather than the whole thing
division of labor
assigning each worker to one type of task; improved efficiency
specialization of labor
same as division of labor
assembly line
series of workers in a factory that worked together to manufacture large amounts of a product; first used for Model Ts
seaway
aquatic equivalent of a road
raw material
resources used to make things, especially manufactured goods
capital
money available to invest in business
industrial advantages of Britain
mineral resources, colony resources, abundant rivers, strong fleets, protection of private property, and growing population/urbanizatipon
enclosure movement
the selling of commons by the government that caused an increase in urbanization
human capital
workforce
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Russian railroad that stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, making trade easier for Russia; developed the Russian coal, iron, and steel industries
company rule
British East India Company control over parts of India
steam engine
engine that uses pressure created by steam to create energy
James Watt
invented an inexpensive steam engine
coaling stations
refueling points for steam powered ships
second industrial revolution
developments in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics
Alexander Graham Bell
received the first patent for a telephone`
Gugliemo Marconi
Italian physicist who created the radio
Transcontinental Railroad
railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific in America
Mamluks
former Turkish slaves that formed a military class
Muhammad Ali
governor of Egypt who taxed peasants so much that they were forced to give their land to the state, allowing the government to control cotton production and make money
Commodore Matthew Perry
led a naval squad that went to Japan and demanded trade privileges for America
Meiji Restoration
period where the Meiji reformed Japan to become a major power
Charter Oath
abolished feudalism in Japan in 1868
zaibatsu
powerful Japanese family business organizations
corporations
a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders
stockholders
individuals who buy partial ownership directly from a company when it is formed or later through a stock market
monopoly
control of a specific business and elimination of all compitition
Bessemer process
a more efficient way to produce steel
Cecil Rhodes
founder of De Beers Diamonds
transnational companies
companies that operated across national bounderies
labor union
organization of workers that advocate the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract
John Stuart Mill
fought for legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and and ensure safe working conditions in factories
utilitarianism
philosophy by Mill that sought the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Karl Marx
German scholar who co-founded communism with Engels
Friedrich Engels
wealthy supporter of Marx
Communist Manifesto
pamphlet that summarized Marx and Engels’ critique of capitalism
proletariat
working class
bourgeoise
middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan who abolished Janissaries, developed a new artillery unit trained by Europeans, abolished feudalism, built new roads, and set up a postal system
Tanzimat
“reorganization”; Ottoman reforms after Mahmud II
Hatt-i Humayun
declared equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice
millets
separate legal courts established by different religious communities
Self-Strengthening Movement
Chinese reform where the government faced internal and external problems confronting China
Hundred Days of Reform
abolished the outdated civil service exam, eliminated corruption, and established Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems
Empress Dowager Cixi
most powerful political figure in China during the reign of Guangxu, initially a conservative and opposed reforms and feared foreigners
bushido
code of conduct of samurai
genros
elder statesmen in Japan
tenements
poorly built apartment buildings
slums
low-income areas of cities
working class
social class made up of laborers
white-collar workers
managers, small business owners, and professionals. Most were literate and middle class
mass production
made goods more abundant and cheaper
imperialism
establishing overseas empires
Sino-Japanese War
war between China and Japan over Korea; Japan won
Formosa
name of Taiwan from Portuguese colonization until the end of WWII
Phrenologists
people who studied skull sizes and shapes to justify imperialism
Social Darwinism
usage of evolution to justify imperialism
David Livingstone
Scottish missionary that worked in Sub-Saharan Africa to end the illegal trade of slaves
quinine
medicine that treats malaria; increased colonization in Africa
Suez Canal
canal built in Egypt to save a trip around Africa
corvée laborers
unpaid workers forced to work on the Suez Canal as a tax
Sierra Leone
a home for freed slaves from throughout the British Empire
settler colony
colony for people from other places to live in
Scramble for Africa
the push of European powers to colonize Africa; leaders feared that it would lead to war
Berlin Conference
a meeting of European powers to colonize Africa in an orderly manner
Cape Colony
colony in Africa that Britain took from the Dutch
Afrikaners
the descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony
Boer Wars
violent conflicts between the British and Afrikaners over land
King Leopold II
Belgian king who oversaw the takeover of the Congo to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion
Abysssinia
Ethiopia; unclaimed African country because it had a strong army-defeated France
Liberia
unclaimed African country because it was founded by former slaves from the US
Ceylon
Sri Lanka
spheres of influence
areas in China where certain European powers had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources
Indochina
Vietnam
Malaya
worlds greatest producer of natural rubber at the end of the 19th century
Siam
Thailand; only uncolonized country in Southeast Asia in the 19th century
penal colony
colony used for prisoners, such as Australia
Treaty of Waitangi
guaranteed that the rights of the Maori would be protected by the British crown
Maori
original inhabitants of New Zealand
Monroe Doctrine
European countries can’t intervene in affairs of the Western Hemisphere
Roosevelt Corollary
the US would intervene if Latin American countries showed instability
Great Game
intense rivalry between Russia and Britain over Afghanistan
Proclamation of 1763
the British reserved all land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River after the French and Indian War
Cherokee nation
adopted a constitution based on America’s
Indian Removal Act
forced natives to relocate to Oklahoma
Ghost Dance
rituals of dance and song meant to hasten the native’s dead coming back and driving out the whites, restoring their lands and traditions
Túpac Amaru II
hereditary chief in southern Peru who initiated a general Incan revolt against Spain
Benito Juárez
liberal ruler of Mexico; overthrown by conservative Mexicans conspiring with Napoleon III
sepoys
Indian soldiers under British employment
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Sepoy Mutiny; violent uprising of sepoys that was stopped by the British; marked the beginning of Indian nationalism
Raj
British colonial government over India
José Rizal
started a reform movement called the Liga Filipina (Philippine League), feared by the Spanish despite being loyal to Spain
Treaty of Paris
end of Spanish-American War that gave the Philippines to America
Philippine-American War
attempted Philippine revolution from America that ended with an American victory and large civilian death counts
Pan-Africanism
feeling of nationalism shared by Western-educated Africans
Xhosa
natives of South Africa that didn’t want to be ruled by any Europeans
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
the killing of cattle and burning of crops by the Xhosa believing that it would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their land. The only result was famine and death of thousands
Anglo-Zulu War
war between the British and Zulus that resulted in the Zulu’s land becoming part of the British colony of South Africa
Muhammad Ahmad
declared himself the Mahdi who would restore the glory of Islam
Mahdi
“guided one”
railroads
made land transportation faster
steamships
made water transportation faster, but required huge amounts of coal as fuel
economic imperialism
a situation in which foreign business interests have great power or influence
Culture System
forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing corvée labor
Pampas
large, grassy plains in Latin America
banana republics
small Central American countries under the economic power of foreign-based corperations
indentured servants
people who worked for a set number of years before becoming free
disapora
mass emigrations from a country or region that may take place over a period of many years
ethnic enclaves
clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country
kangani system
replaced indentured servitude; entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya
