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Review Break Assignment > Units 5&6 > Flashcards

Units 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

the Enlightenment

A

the shift of emphasis from tradition to reason and from community values to individualism

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2
Q

Age of Isms

A

other name for the Enlightenment; isms included socialism, liberalism, conservatism, nationalism, empiricism, deism, feminism, abolitionism, Zionism, and others

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3
Q

nationalism

A

a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture

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4
Q

empiricism

A

the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience

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5
Q

John Locke

A

Two Treatises of Government, social contract, blank slate, natural rights

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6
Q

social contract

A

a strong government should provide law and order, and citizens have the right and responsibility to to revolt against an unjust government

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7
Q

tabula rasa

A

“blank slate”; all people are born with an empty mind waiting to be filled with knowledge; radical belief for the time

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8
Q

philosophes

A

group of thinkers and writers who explored political, social, and economic theories in new ways

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9
Q

Baron Montesquieu

A

The Spirit of Laws;checks and balances

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10
Q

Voltaire

A

Candide; pro-constitutional monarchy and civil rights, wanted religious liberty and judicial reform in France

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11
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

The Social Contract; social contract, education, General Will of a population

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12
Q

Adam Smith

A

The Wealth of Nations; laissez-faire capitalism

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13
Q

laissez-faire

A

government shouldn’t intervene in economy

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14
Q

capitalism

A

the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit

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15
Q

Deism

A

the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion

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16
Q

Thomas Paine

A

The Age of Reason-defended Deism

Common Sense-pop. in America for advocating liberty from Britain

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17
Q

consveratism

A

belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories

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18
Q

socialism

A

a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production

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19
Q

utopian socialists

A

those who believed that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities

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20
Q

Henri de Saint-Simon

A

believed that scientists and engineers working with businesses could operate clean, efficient, beautiful workplaces

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21
Q

Charles Fourier

A

identified 810 passions that would make work work more enjoyable and workers less tired

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22
Q

Robert Owen

A

established small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism

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23
Q

Fabian Society

A

socialist group that favored reforming society by parliamentary means

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24
Q

classical liberalism

A

belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches

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25
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

A Vindication of the Rights of Women; argued that females should receive the same education as males

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26
Q

abolitionism

A

the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people

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27
Q

Zionism

A

the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East

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28
Q

anti-Semitism

A

hostility towards Jews

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29
Q

Theodor Herzl

A

leader of Zionist movement

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30
Q

Dreyfus Affair

A

a Jewish military officer was convicted of treason against the French government based on forged documents; increased support for Zionism

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31
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule; included a slight modification of Locke’s natural rights

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32
Q

liberté, égalité, et fraternité

A

“liberty, equality, fraternity”; slogan of the French revolution

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33
Q

Bastille

A

French prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; was stormed on July 14 1789

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34
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A

statement declaring basic human rights

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35
Q

Reign of Terror

A

period during which the French government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen. Started by the Jacobins

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36
Q

Haiti

A

French sugar and coffee colony

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37
Q

Maroons

A

escaped slaves

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38
Q

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A

former slave that led a general rebellion against slavery

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39
Q

creoles

A

Europeans born in the Americas

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40
Q

mestizos

A

people in American colonies with both European and native parents

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41
Q

peninsulares

A

colonists born in Spain or Portugal

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42
Q

mulattoes

A

people of African and either European or indigenous ancestory

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43
Q

Simón Bolívar

A

creole who pushed for enlightenment ideals in Latin America. Became instrumental in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

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44
Q

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

A

female Puerto Rican poet who criticized Spain’s rule over Puerto Rico

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45
Q

Propaganda Movement

A

movement where Filipinos called for greater autonomy of the Philippines through publications. Led to the the Philippine Revolution

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46
Q

realpolitik

A

the practical policies of reality that Count di Cavour believed in

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47
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini

A

created the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy that Cavour adopted

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48
Q

Risorgimento

A

Italian resurgence

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49
Q

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A

leader of the Red Shirts fighting in the southern Kingdom of Naples; allied with Cavour to achieve Italian unification

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50
Q

Otto von Bismark

A

favored realpolitik, used nationalism to three wars to unify Germany

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51
Q

immigration

A

the movement of people into a country form other countries

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52
Q

Ottomanism

A

a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state

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53
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

the dramatic change in society and economics due to new technologies

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54
Q

industrialization

A

the increased mechanization of production and the social changes that came with the shift

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55
Q

agricultural revolution

A

an increase in agricultural productivity

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56
Q

crop rotation

A

rotating different crops in and out of a field each year

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57
Q

seed drill

A

a device that efficiently puts seeds in a designated spot in the ground

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58
Q

cottage industry

A

putting-out system; system developed in Britain where merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes for low pay and some independence

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59
Q

spinning jenny

A

made weaving cloth faster

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60
Q

water frame

A

made spinning yarn faster

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61
Q

James Hargreaves

A

invented the spinning jenny

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62
Q

Richard Arkwright

A

invented the waster frame

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63
Q

factory system

A

system of manufacture that uses machinery

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64
Q

Eli Whitney

A

inventor of interchangeable parts

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65
Q

interchangeable parts

A

allowed parts of manufactured goods to be replaced when they break, rather than the whole thing

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66
Q

division of labor

A

assigning each worker to one type of task; improved efficiency

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67
Q

specialization of labor

A

same as division of labor

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68
Q

assembly line

A

series of workers in a factory that worked together to manufacture large amounts of a product; first used for Model Ts

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69
Q

seaway

A

aquatic equivalent of a road

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70
Q

raw material

A

resources used to make things, especially manufactured goods

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71
Q

capital

A

money available to invest in business

72
Q

industrial advantages of Britain

A

mineral resources, colony resources, abundant rivers, strong fleets, protection of private property, and growing population/urbanizatipon

73
Q

enclosure movement

A

the selling of commons by the government that caused an increase in urbanization

74
Q

human capital

A

workforce

75
Q

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A

Russian railroad that stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, making trade easier for Russia; developed the Russian coal, iron, and steel industries

76
Q

company rule

A

British East India Company control over parts of India

77
Q

steam engine

A

engine that uses pressure created by steam to create energy

78
Q

James Watt

A

invented an inexpensive steam engine

79
Q

coaling stations

A

refueling points for steam powered ships

80
Q

second industrial revolution

A

developments in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics

81
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

received the first patent for a telephone`

82
Q

Gugliemo Marconi

A

Italian physicist who created the radio

83
Q

Transcontinental Railroad

A

railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific in America

84
Q

Mamluks

A

former Turkish slaves that formed a military class

85
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

governor of Egypt who taxed peasants so much that they were forced to give their land to the state, allowing the government to control cotton production and make money

86
Q

Commodore Matthew Perry

A

led a naval squad that went to Japan and demanded trade privileges for America

87
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

period where the Meiji reformed Japan to become a major power

88
Q

Charter Oath

A

abolished feudalism in Japan in 1868

89
Q

zaibatsu

A

powerful Japanese family business organizations

90
Q

corporations

A

a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders

91
Q

stockholders

A

individuals who buy partial ownership directly from a company when it is formed or later through a stock market

92
Q

monopoly

A

control of a specific business and elimination of all compitition

93
Q

Bessemer process

A

a more efficient way to produce steel

94
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

founder of De Beers Diamonds

95
Q

transnational companies

A

companies that operated across national bounderies

96
Q

labor union

A

organization of workers that advocate the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract

97
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

fought for legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and and ensure safe working conditions in factories

98
Q

utilitarianism

A

philosophy by Mill that sought the greatest good for the greatest number of people

99
Q

Karl Marx

A

German scholar who co-founded communism with Engels

100
Q

Friedrich Engels

A

wealthy supporter of Marx

101
Q

Communist Manifesto

A

pamphlet that summarized Marx and Engels’ critique of capitalism

102
Q

proletariat

A

working class

103
Q

bourgeoise

A

middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories

104
Q

Mahmud II

A

Ottoman sultan who abolished Janissaries, developed a new artillery unit trained by Europeans, abolished feudalism, built new roads, and set up a postal system

105
Q

Tanzimat

A

“reorganization”; Ottoman reforms after Mahmud II

106
Q

Hatt-i Humayun

A

declared equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice

107
Q

millets

A

separate legal courts established by different religious communities

108
Q

Self-Strengthening Movement

A

Chinese reform where the government faced internal and external problems confronting China

109
Q

Hundred Days of Reform

A

abolished the outdated civil service exam, eliminated corruption, and established Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems

110
Q

Empress Dowager Cixi

A

most powerful political figure in China during the reign of Guangxu, initially a conservative and opposed reforms and feared foreigners

111
Q

bushido

A

code of conduct of samurai

112
Q

genros

A

elder statesmen in Japan

113
Q

tenements

A

poorly built apartment buildings

114
Q

slums

A

low-income areas of cities

115
Q

working class

A

social class made up of laborers

116
Q

white-collar workers

A

managers, small business owners, and professionals. Most were literate and middle class

117
Q

mass production

A

made goods more abundant and cheaper

118
Q

imperialism

A

establishing overseas empires

119
Q

Sino-Japanese War

A

war between China and Japan over Korea; Japan won

120
Q

Formosa

A

name of Taiwan from Portuguese colonization until the end of WWII

121
Q

Phrenologists

A

people who studied skull sizes and shapes to justify imperialism

122
Q

Social Darwinism

A

usage of evolution to justify imperialism

123
Q

David Livingstone

A

Scottish missionary that worked in Sub-Saharan Africa to end the illegal trade of slaves

124
Q

quinine

A

medicine that treats malaria; increased colonization in Africa

125
Q

Suez Canal

A

canal built in Egypt to save a trip around Africa

126
Q

corvée laborers

A

unpaid workers forced to work on the Suez Canal as a tax

127
Q

Sierra Leone

A

a home for freed slaves from throughout the British Empire

128
Q

settler colony

A

colony for people from other places to live in

129
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

the push of European powers to colonize Africa; leaders feared that it would lead to war

130
Q

Berlin Conference

A

a meeting of European powers to colonize Africa in an orderly manner

131
Q

Cape Colony

A

colony in Africa that Britain took from the Dutch

132
Q

Afrikaners

A

the descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony

133
Q

Boer Wars

A

violent conflicts between the British and Afrikaners over land

134
Q

King Leopold II

A

Belgian king who oversaw the takeover of the Congo to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion

135
Q

Abysssinia

A

Ethiopia; unclaimed African country because it had a strong army-defeated France

136
Q

Liberia

A

unclaimed African country because it was founded by former slaves from the US

137
Q

Ceylon

A

Sri Lanka

138
Q

spheres of influence

A

areas in China where certain European powers had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources

139
Q

Indochina

A

Vietnam

140
Q

Malaya

A

worlds greatest producer of natural rubber at the end of the 19th century

141
Q

Siam

A

Thailand; only uncolonized country in Southeast Asia in the 19th century

142
Q

penal colony

A

colony used for prisoners, such as Australia

143
Q

Treaty of Waitangi

A

guaranteed that the rights of the Maori would be protected by the British crown

144
Q

Maori

A

original inhabitants of New Zealand

145
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

European countries can’t intervene in affairs of the Western Hemisphere

146
Q

Roosevelt Corollary

A

the US would intervene if Latin American countries showed instability

147
Q

Great Game

A

intense rivalry between Russia and Britain over Afghanistan

148
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

the British reserved all land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River after the French and Indian War

149
Q

Cherokee nation

A

adopted a constitution based on America’s

150
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

forced natives to relocate to Oklahoma

151
Q

Ghost Dance

A

rituals of dance and song meant to hasten the native’s dead coming back and driving out the whites, restoring their lands and traditions

152
Q

Túpac Amaru II

A

hereditary chief in southern Peru who initiated a general Incan revolt against Spain

153
Q

Benito Juárez

A

liberal ruler of Mexico; overthrown by conservative Mexicans conspiring with Napoleon III

154
Q

sepoys

A

Indian soldiers under British employment

155
Q

Indian Rebellion of 1857

A

Sepoy Mutiny; violent uprising of sepoys that was stopped by the British; marked the beginning of Indian nationalism

156
Q

Raj

A

British colonial government over India

157
Q

José Rizal

A

started a reform movement called the Liga Filipina (Philippine League), feared by the Spanish despite being loyal to Spain

158
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

end of Spanish-American War that gave the Philippines to America

159
Q

Philippine-American War

A

attempted Philippine revolution from America that ended with an American victory and large civilian death counts

160
Q

Pan-Africanism

A

feeling of nationalism shared by Western-educated Africans

161
Q

Xhosa

A

natives of South Africa that didn’t want to be ruled by any Europeans

162
Q

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

A

the killing of cattle and burning of crops by the Xhosa believing that it would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their land. The only result was famine and death of thousands

163
Q

Anglo-Zulu War

A

war between the British and Zulus that resulted in the Zulu’s land becoming part of the British colony of South Africa

164
Q

Muhammad Ahmad

A

declared himself the Mahdi who would restore the glory of Islam

165
Q

Mahdi

A

“guided one”

166
Q

railroads

A

made land transportation faster

167
Q

steamships

A

made water transportation faster, but required huge amounts of coal as fuel

168
Q

economic imperialism

A

a situation in which foreign business interests have great power or influence

169
Q

Culture System

A

forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing corvée labor

170
Q

Pampas

A

large, grassy plains in Latin America

171
Q

banana republics

A

small Central American countries under the economic power of foreign-based corperations

172
Q

indentured servants

A

people who worked for a set number of years before becoming free

173
Q

disapora

A

mass emigrations from a country or region that may take place over a period of many years

174
Q

ethnic enclaves

A

clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country

175
Q

kangani system

A

replaced indentured servitude; entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya

Review Break Assignment (2 decks)

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