Units 4-5 Socialization and Criminology Flashcards
Deviance
behavior straying from social norms
(Examples: Consenting to Harm, Monks)
3 Types of Deviance
1) Sin
2) Crime
3) Poor Taste
Social Norms
Societies regular/expected behavior
(Vary by place, relationship, age, culture)
Socialization
learning to conform to social norms
(2 types: internal & external)
Internal Socialization
believing social norms as right/wrong
External Socialization
following social norms to appease others
Social Control
how society controls behavior
(2 types: informal & formal)
Informal Social Control
taught things that stick w/ us (taught morals)
(imposed by teachers, parents, friends, etc)
Formal Social Control
regulating society through government
(ex. punishments, tax breaks, rewards)
Types of Social Control (4)
1) Penal (punish deviant)
2) Compensatory (compensate victim)
3) Therapeutic (heal deviant)
4) Conciliatory (resolve dispute)
Medical Model of Deviance
theory that deviant behavior is a disease
Social Disorganization Theory (Chicago Model)
Community factors contribute to crime rates (poverty, breakdown of social institutions, high resident turnover)
Social Band Theory
crime occurs when societal bonds are broken (fam, friends, community)
Concentric Zone Model (5)
1) Central business district
2) Transitional zone
3) Working class zone
4) Residential zone
5) Commuter Zone
Characteristics of Transitional Zone
-zone 2
-immigrant groups
-deteriorating housing
-factories
-abandoned housing
Characteristics of Working Class Zone
-zone 3
-single family tenements
Characteristics of Residential Zone
-zone 4
-single family homes
-yards/garages
Characteristics of Commuter Zone
-zone 5
-suburbs
-rich ppl who commute
Gentrification (def)
wealthy people changing poor urban areas (through housing, jobs, etc)
Anomie
society lacks social norms
(Strain Theory & Delinquent Theory)
Strain Theory
norms lack because societies goals cannot be acheived
Delinquent Theory
deviant norms form
Labeling Theory
self identifying by label given by society (self-fulfilling prophecy)
Criminology
scientific study of why people commit crimes
Positivist Criminology
outside forces influence crime
(ex. biological, psychological, sociological)
Demonology
blames crime on demonic possession
(used when church and state were intertwined)
Atavism
blames crime on genetics (crime driving gene)
(phrenology and somatotypes)
Phrenology
determine criminals by head shape
Somatotypes
determine criminals by body type
Classical Criminology
people choose to commit crimes (free will)
Rational Choice Theory
deviance based on free will
(uses strategic thinking & risk vs reward)
Routine Activities Theory
3 circumstances must coincide for deviance to occur
1) motivated offender
2) suitable target
3) lack of capable guardians
Psychodynamic Theory
(Freud) psychological drives explain human behavior
(conscious, preconscious, unconscious)
(Id, Superego, Ego)
Differential Association
criminal behavior is learned (through observation, punishment/reward)
Neutralization Theory (6)
criminals justifying crimes
1) justify w/ excuses
2) denial of responsibility
3) denial of injury
4) denial of victim
5) condemnation of condemners
6) appeal to higher loyalties
Critical Criminology
(Conflict Crim) focuses on oppression of the lower class by elites
Marxist Criminology
more crime/enforcement and higher sentences for lower class
Feminist Criminology
crime/law is slanted against women
Peace Making Criminology
traditional punishments make crime worse (we should focus on communication, forgiveness, & rehab)
Definitions of Justice (4)
1) Vigilantism
2) Individual Justice
3) Procedural Justice: laws fairly enforced
4) Social Justice: certain groups are under represented
