Units 3+4 Flashcards
Mit’a System
labor tribute system used by Inca empire, community members were required to do a certain number of laborers
Conquistador
one that conquers, especially a Spanish conqueror
Seven Years War
conflict between France+Great Britain that began in 1750’s as a dispute over North American land
Sikhism
monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in 15th century by Guru Nanak
Twelver Shiism
branch of Islam that believed there were 12 leaders after Muhammed, 12th went into hiding and would return one day
Gao
trading empire founded by fisherman in the 7th century, Songhai empire
Ottoman Empire
Turkish empire controlled much by SE Europe, W Asia, and N Africa from 14th to 20th century
safavid empire
Persian military state who dominated middle east for 2 centuries; founded by Shah Ismail
Mughal empire
established by king Babur, descent of Ghengis Khan, empire in India, Islamic empire
Foot Binding
Chinese custom, breaking and tightly binding feet of young girls to change shape/size of feet
Zheng He
Muslim explorer, voyager and navigator, expanded economic reach of China, India, and Middle East countries
Manioc
cassava with long edible roots and soft brittle stems, high yield
Timbuktu
cultural and economic hub during medieval period; located in Mali
mestizo
one who is mixed with European and native parents
peninsulares
Spanish born people, top in social class, held power
Mulattos
someone of African and European descent
Creole
people born in the Americas w/ spanish descent, Roman Catholic faith
Francis Bacon
English philosopher, attorney general+statesmen, natural philosophy
Nicolaus Copernicus
came up with the idea that Earth orbits around the sun, born in Poland, heliocentric theory
Galileo Galilei
improved telescopes, foundation of modern physics, born in Italy, found moon isn’t smooth
Isaac Newton
found laws of gravity, born in UK
Treaty of Tordesillas
divided world on North/South line; Spain could claim land to west as long as not under Christian rule, same to Portugal on right/eastern side
How did African slaves respond to the harsh treatment by Europeans
Some tried to escape, sometimes came together to build their own communities if escaped
What colonial area of Latin America had a high percentage of female settlers?
Brazil because of Portuguese immigration practices
Which group of settlers had a higher success rate for converting natives to Christianity?
Spanish settlers due to missionaries, forced conversion+enforced assimilation
What similarities were there between the Ming and Song dynasties?
Strong central government+civil service exams for officials+economic expansion period+focused on confucuanism
Why did the Chinese decide to import very few items during the Qing dynasty?
The Chinese didn’t want any outside cultures to syncrenize with their own cultures and they had a strong internal economy.
Describe the lives of Daimyo during the Tokugawa rule?
The Daimyo were required to alternate their residence between Daimyo and shoguns and were under control by Shogunate
Why did the Ming move the capital rebuild the great wall. and revive older cultural traditions?
They moved the capital for strategic military location. Wall was moved to strengthen military defense and restore order. They revived older traditions after mongol rule to reinforce confucialn principles and promote traditional art+architecture
Describe the Columbian Exchange
The exchange of crops, goods, cultures, religions, and diseases from the old world to the new world. Silver and gold was traded
Who was the most honorable according to Confucius?
The Junzi was the most honorable because they’ve committed their lives to upholding the Confucian values
What similarities and differences were there between colonization of the Americas and Australia?
They were both colonized by Europeans, displaced Indeginous peoples, transatlantic slave trade and had valuable resources. Differences: Colonization in Americas began in 15th century and colonization in Australia began in 18th century. Americas had more indigenous populations, sugar, gold, and silver. Australia had wool, wheat, and gold. Americans spread Christianity
What factors led to the fall of Kingdom of Kongo?
The Atlantic slave trade brought in excessive portuguese interference.This led to internal disruption and fueled civil riots. Social disruptions, political instability where an issue.
Describe the gender roles in Western Africa between 1500 and 1750?
Women held economic and social power, participated in trade, managed household affairs, and held political power alongside men. Wore loincloths.
What advantages did the Portuguese have by being a trading post empire?
The Portuguese made goa, center of Christian missions, improved navigation skills, control over trade routes, access to valuable goods, protect their trade routes from competitors, and potential to influence local markets.
Who built the first trading post in South Africa?
The Dutch East India Company in 1652 to trade with the regions and obtaining new goods
How were the creation of the Russian and Portuguese empire similar?
They both expanded through conquest+colonization, economic motives and trade resources, use of military force, integration, and cultural justification for expansion.
Who created Sikhism and why?
Guru Nanak made Sikhism because of religious conflict between Hindus and Islam and to challenge the Caste system.
What restrictions/bans were put in place in the 17th century?
Close country policy, restrictions on Christianity, restriction on social mobility and caste system, ban on firearms, divided into domains, ban on cultural practices, and ban on travel
Describe the pattern and goods traded on the Triangle Trade Routes.
1st part: north america to England, tobacco, cotton, indigo, grain, and sugar
2nd part: Europe to west Africa, textiles, rum, guns, and pots
3rd part; West Africa to North America, enslaved africans and gold
What did the British use Australia for originally?
The British used Australia as a prison area in response to the overcrowding of British prisons
Why were the Portuguese interested in Brazil?
Portuguese were interested in Brazil because of rich natural resources like gold and sugar for economic gain
How did the Spanish conquer the Inca and Aztec empires?
Superior military technology, alliances with indigenous people, European diseases, and physcological tactics
Describe the continuities and changes that existed between the Ming and Qing dynasties?
Ming ruled by Chinese, Qing ruled by Manchu. Ming focused on territorial expansion and Qing pushed into central Asia. Qing dynasty more contact w/ Europeans and Ming had missionary restrictions.
Describe the levels of the Latin American social class system after colonization?
- Peninsulars-born in Spain or Portugal often had top government spots 2.Criollas-spanish/Portuguese descendants, landworkers, merchants, or mind owners 3. Mestizas-mixed European and indigenoius ancestry, artisans, small landowners, merchants, and laborers
- Mulattos- mixed African and European ancestry, laborers, artisans, or small traders
- Indegenous people, original inhabitants, farmers, miners, or household workers
- Enslaved- work on plantations, in mines, and domestic services
Describe the effects of plantation agriculture?
Wealth for European colonizers, slavery led to forced importation of Africans, led to deforestation, degrading of soil, led to revolts, and contributed to growth in global trade, led to social inequality
Describe the levels of Japanese Feudal pyramid.
- Emporor-role model 2.Shogun- military leader who many are truly afraid of 3.Daimyo-governed+maintained order 4.Samurai- warrior serving shogun/Daimyo 5.Ronin- samurai w/o Daimyo representative 6. Farmer with land
- Farmer without land 8. Craftsmen and artisans 9. merchants
Describe the Portuguese labor systems in Madeira and Brazil.
Maderia- indigenous labor, use of African slaves, and indentured servants. guanche people were indigenous and indentured servants worked for a bit of time for money
Brazil- indigenous labor, African slaves, enslaved labor, indentured slaves. Indenous people worked on sugar plantations, African slaves imported to Brazil, enslaved laborers worked on infrastructure and urban labor
