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Introduction To Physical Anthropology > Units 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Units 3 & 4 Flashcards

Scientists & Vocabulary

1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

crossing pea plants, pure breeding to examine differences. Discovered dominant and recessive traits, disproved blended inheritance. Principles of segregation and independent assortment

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2
Q

Thomas H. Morgan

A

observed crossover during meiosis concluded that “genes” are on chromosomes. He proposed the “beads on a string “ model. (explains how traits are passed on to the next generation)

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3
Q

Kary Mullis

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 1993 Nobel Prize

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4
Q

Hershey & Chase

A

DNA is the hereditary material, 1969 Nobel Prize

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5
Q

Oswald Avery

A

DNA is the transforming principle

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6
Q

Francis Crick

A
  • recognized that although the DNA molecule had only four “letters,” it must code for the 20 amino acids that made up proteins. Concluded that the code for an amino acid must contain three bases, or triplets (codons)
  • The Central Dogma
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7
Q

James Watson

A

DNA structure (double helix), 1962 Nobel Prize (along with Francis Crick)

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8
Q

Frederick Sanger

A

Human mitochondrion sequenced

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9
Q

True-breeding

A

a term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

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10
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

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12
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell

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13
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits

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14
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure is found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

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15
Q

Somatic cell

A

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells (body cells)

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16
Q

Replication

A

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

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17
Q

The cell cycle

A

The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo

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18
Q

Genome

A

all of an organism’s genetic material

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19
Q

Codon

A

A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

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20
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

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21
Q

Sister chromatid

A

a structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication

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22
Q

Mutation

A

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

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23
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

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24
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of a gene

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25
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

26
Q

Regulatory gene

A

A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes

27
Q

Synapsis

A

the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

28
Q

Eukaryote

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

29
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

30
Q

Sex cell

A

An egg or sperm cell (gamete); a sex cell carries half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells

31
Q

Diploid

A

two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

32
Q

Central Dogma

A

a theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA (transcription) to proteins (translation)

33
Q

Ribosome

A

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized

34
Q

Chromatin

A

A substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones

35
Q

Mendelian trait

A

a trait completely determined by a single gene

36
Q

F1 generation

A

the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

37
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

38
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene/trait

39
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

40
Q

Translation

A

The process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

41
Q

Autosome

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

42
Q

Reduction division

A

another name for meiosis I, the division where homologous pairs separate

43
Q

Sex chromosome

A

one of two chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex

44
Q

Haploid

A

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

45
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

46
Q

Amino acid

A

Building blocks of protein

47
Q

DNA base

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

48
Q

Blending inheritance

A

n outdated, incorrect theory that the phenotype of an offspring is a blend of the parent’s phenotypes

49
Q

F2 generation

A

Offspring resulting from the interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation

50
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits

51
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

52
Q

Universal genetic code

A

refers to the fact that particular codons specify the same amino acids in almost all organisms

53
Q

Transcription

A

the process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

54
Q

Complementary base pairing

A
  • In DNA, T pairs with A and G pairs with C;

- In RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C

55
Q

Crossing over/Recombination

A

when homologous chromosomes trade parts of chromosome arms

56
Q

Homologous

A

the term used to refer to chromosomes that each has a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent

57
Q

Tetrad

A

structure containing 4 chromatids that form during meiosis

58
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

59
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are housed

60
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

Introduction To Physical Anthropology (3 decks)

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