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Psychology-unit 3+4 > Units > Flashcards

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0
Q

Phenomenology

A

How things seem to the conscious person

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

A persons subjective experience of the world and the mind includes being awake and vivd dreaming

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2
Q

Problem of other minds

A

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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3
Q

How are minds judged?

A

Agency and experience

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4
Q

Agency

A

The ability to plan or have self control

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5
Q

Experience

A

Ability to feel pain and pleasure

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6
Q

Mind/body problem

A

The issue of how the mind is related to the brain

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7
Q 
Where did Descartes think that the mind was connected to the brain?
A.hypothalamus
B.pituitary gland
C.pineal gland
D. Hippocampus
A

C but this is false because the pineal gland has no nerve function (part of endocrine system) today psychologists believe “the mind is what the brain does”

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8
Q

What are the 4 basic properties of consciousness?

A
  1. Intentionality (being directed towards an object) ex. Painting of people on bridge
  2. unity(resistance of division) attending to two tasks at once produces higher error
  3. selectivity(the capacity to include some objects but not others) focus on one this tune everything else out
  4. transience(the tendency to change) ->stream of consciousness ex. Cube that changes direction
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9
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

A low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour (when someone pokes you during sleep and you roll over)

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10
Q

Full consciousness

A

Consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state

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11
Q

Self consciousness

A

A distinct level of consciousness in which the persons attention is drawn to the self as an object (brings a tendency to evaluate yourself and notice your short comings)
->recognition of self in mirrors by humans and other animals

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12
Q

Think aloud

A

In which people are asked what’s on their mind in order to find out their conscious content

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13
Q

Experience sampling technique

A

In which people are asked to report their conscious experiences at particular times(ex. Participants asked to record current thoughts at random times throughout the day)

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14
Q

Current concerns

A

What a person is thinking about repeatedly

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15
Q

Mental control

A

The attempt to change conscious states of mind

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16
Q

Thought suppression

A

The conscious avoidance of a thought

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17
Q

Rebound effect of thought suppression

A

The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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18
Q

Daydreaming

A

A state of consciousness in which a seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts comes to mind (fMRI research shows a widespread of brain activation known as the default network)

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19
Q

Ironic processes of mental control

A

Mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can produce errors itself( if you distract someone while trying to relax it makes them more anxious than when they are not trying to relax)

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20
Q

Dynamic consciousness

A

An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the persons deepest instincts and desires and the persons inner struggle to control these forces

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21
Q

Repression

A

A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness

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22
Q

Freudian slips

A

Errors in speech or lapse of consciousness that Freud believed gave evidence of the unconscious mind

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23
Q

Cognitive unconsciousness

A

The mental processes that give rise to a persons thoughts, choices, emotions and behaviours even though they are not experienced by the person

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24
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving; controversial

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25
Q

Subliminal persuasion

A

1957 James vicary tried flashing eat popcorn and drink coke signs on movie screens( was a hoax did not increase sales)

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26
Q

According to Freud was unconsciousness intelligent?

A

Yes he thought that it harbours complex motives and inner complexes that it expresses through emotions and psych disorders -> modern psychologists disagree -> not understand word pairs

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27
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

Forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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28
Q

Hypnagogic state

A

Presleep consciousness

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29
Q

Hypnic jerk

A

A sudden quiver or sense of dropping when falling asleep

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30
Q

Hypnopompic state

A

Post sleep consciousness

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31
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A naturally occurring 24 hour cycle of rest and activity (humans have a 25.1 hour cycle)

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32
Q

Circannual rhythm

A

Internal mechanism that operates on a annual cycle

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33
Q

What are the stages of sleep and what are their waves

A

Awake beta, relaxed alpha, stage 1 theata, stage 2 spindles and k complexes, stage 3/4 delta activity, REM saw tooth waves

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34
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

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35
Q

Electroculograph

A

Measures eye movement

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36
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficultly in falling asleep or staying asleep

37
Q

What did Nathanial Kleitmas discover?

A

REM sleep

38
Q

Sleep apea

A

A disorder in which a person stops breathing for a brief period while sleeping

39
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking eyes open with a glassy stare

40
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

41
Q

Kleine-Levin syndrome

A

Unable to be woken up for long periods followed by possible personality changes

42
Q

5 major characteristics of dream consciousness

A

Intensely feel emotion, illogical, sensations fully formed and meaningful,uncritical acceptance, difficulty in memory

ARTSE acceptance, remembering, thought (illogical), sensations, emotions

43
Q

Manifest content

A

A dreams apparent or superficial meaning

44
Q

Latent content

A

A dream underlying meaning

45
Q

Sleep spindles are caused by interactions between

A

Interaction between thalamus and cortex

46
Q

Activation-synthesis model

A

Hobson and mcCarley 1977 dreams are produced when the brain trying to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep

47
Q

What parts of the brain are active during REM sleep?

A

Visual association areas, brain stem, amygdala and the motor cortex. The prefrontal cortex is inhibited

48
Q

What did Jovez discover?

A

Paradoxical sleep in animals (same as REM but little eye movement)

49
Q

What inhibits the expression of motor activation?

A

The spinal neurons running through the brain stem

50
Q

Agonist

A

Enhances

51
Q

Antagonist

A

Inhibits

52
Q

Psychoactive

A

Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brains chemical messaging system

53
Q

Depressants

A

Substances that reduce activity in the CNS

  • have a calming effect
  • alcohol increases activity of GABA
54
Q

Alcohol myopia theory

A

Alcohol hampers attention leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

55
Q

Stimulants

A
  • substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels
  • caffeine
  • nicotine addiction more motivated by withdrawal symptoms the pleasantness of the use
56
Q

Narcotics or opiates

A

Highly addictive drugs that are derived from opium that relieve pain and induce a feeling of well being
Mimic edorphrins-> reduction of natural endorphorin producers

57
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

58
Q

Marijuana

A

The leaves and buds of hemp plant contains THC

59
Q

Hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness character by suggestibility and the feeling that ones actions are occurring involuntary

60
Q

Hypnotic analgesia

A

The reduction of pain through hypnosis

61
Q

Meditation

A

The practice of intentional contemplation creates-> alpha waves-> low levels of activity in posterior superior partial lobe

62
Q

Ecstatic religious experiences

A

Same brain activity that occurs in epilepsy, right anterior temporal lobe

63
Q

Memory

A

The ability to store and retrieve info over time

64
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

The process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory

65
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

Mind palace

66
Q

Sensory memory

A

Type of storage that holds sensory info for a few I seconds or less

67
Q

Short term memory

A

Holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

68
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of keeping info in short term memory by repeating it most people can keep approximately 7 things

69
Q

Chunking

A

Combining small pieces of info into larger clusters more easily held in short term memory

70
Q

Iconic memory

A

A fast decaying store of visual info

71
Q

Echoinc memory

A

A fast decaying store of auditory information

72
Q

Waking Memory

A

Active maintaince of info in the STM

73
Q

Long term memory

A

A type of storage that holds info for hours,days,weeks years

74
Q

Eric kindal

A

Used sea slug to study long term storage and neurons

75
Q

Long term potential

A

A process by which communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier

76
Q

NMDA receptor

A

Influences the flow of info between neurons by controlling the intiation of LTP in most hippocampus pathways

77
Q

Antegrade amnesia

A

The inability to transfer info from short term to long term ->HM

78
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular event ->Clive warings

79
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

Retrieval cues can serve as a reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which the info was encoded

80
Q

State dependant retrieval

A

The tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

81
Q

Explicit memory

A

When people consciously or intentionally recall past experiences

82
Q

Implicit memory

A

The influence of past experiences on later beharivor without effort of remembering or awareness

83
Q

Procedural memory

A

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice

84
Q

Priming

A

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of being exposed to the stimulus

85
Q

Perceptual priming

A

Reflects the implicit memory for sensory features of an item

86
Q

Semantic memory

A

A network of associated facts that make up your general knowledge of the world(hippocampus is not required to acquire news semantic memories)

87
Q

Episodic memory

A

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

88
Q

KC

A

An amnesia patient who could recall specific episodes from his past but when asked to imagine the future reported a complete blank (hippocampal amnesia)

89
Q

Hermann ebbinghaus

A

Sharp than slow decline of memory with time

90
Q

Seven sins of memory

A

Transience(forgetting what occurred with a passage of time), absentmindedness(a lapse in attention that results in memory failure)blocking(failure to retrieve info even though it is available to you), missattribution(assigning an idea to the wrong source), suggestibility(tendency to incorporate info from external sources),bias(distorting influences of present knowledge on recollection of previous experiences),persistence

ms bat bp

91
Q

Retrospective interference

A

Later learning impars memory of info acquired

Psychology-unit 3+4 (1 decks)

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