Units 13 + 8 | Exam 1 Flashcards
majority
over half
Plurality
candidate with the most first place votes wins
Borda Count
highest count wins election, assign point to each place and add up
Plurality with Elimination
candidate wins with the majority of votes, if no one has a majority of first place votes eliminate candidates until someones does
Pair Wise comparison
head to head comparisons where every winner gets 1 point and every tie both candidates get 1/2 points, candidate with most points wins
Majority fairness criterion
if a candidate wins the majority of first place votes, the candidate should win the election
Head to Head fairness criterion
if a candidate beats every other candidate in a head to head comparison, then the candidate should win the election
Monotonicity criterion
a candidate who wins a first election and then gains additional support without losing any of the original support should also win the second elecetion
Arrows Impossibility Theorem
it is mathematically impossible for any democratic voting method to simultaneously satisfy each of the four fairness criteria
apportion
to allot a discrete number of objects or people in an appropriate, and fair way
standard divisor
the total population divided by the number of items to be apportioned
standard quota
the population divided by the standard divisor
lower quota
the standard quota rounded down to the nearest whole number
upper quota
the standard quota rounded up to the nearest whole number
Hamilton’s method
Step 1: Calculate the group’s standard quota
Step 2: Initially, assign each group their lower quota
Step 3: Give the surplus items, one at a time, to the groups with the largest decimal parts in their standard quotas. Do this until all surplus items are allocated
modified divisor
a divisor that is altered to yield a preferred result
modified quota
a quota obtained with a modified divisor
Jefferson’s method
Step 1: Find a suitable modified divisor
Step 2: Use modified divisor to find each state’s modified quota
Step 3: Apportion to each state its modified lower quota
Adam’s method
Step 1: Find a suitable modified divisor
Step 2: Use modified divisor to find each state’s modified quota
Step 3: Apportion to each state its modified upper quota
Webster’s Method
Step 1: Find a suitable modified divisor
Step 2: Use modified divisor to find each states modified quota
Step 3: Apportion to each state its modified quota, conventionally (round normally)
The Quota Rule
A group apportionment should be either its upper quota or its lower quota. An apportionment method that guarantees this will always occur is said to satisfy the quota rule
The Alabama Paradox
an increase in the total number of items to be apportioned results in the loss of an item for a group
Population Paradox
Group A loses items to Group B, even though the population of Group A grew at a faster rate than that of Group B
New States Paradox
the addition of a new group changes the apportionment of other groups
