Units 13 + 8 | Exam 1

Question 1

majority

Answer 1

over half

Question 2

Plurality

Answer 2

candidate with the most first place votes wins

Question 3

Borda Count

Answer 3

highest count wins election, assign point to each place and add up

Question 4

Plurality with Elimination

Answer 4

candidate wins with the majority of votes, if no one has a majority of first place votes eliminate candidates until someones does

Question 5

Pair Wise comparison

Answer 5

head to head comparisons where every winner gets 1 point and every tie both candidates get 1/2 points, candidate with most points wins

Question 6

Majority fairness criterion

Answer 6

if a candidate wins the majority of first place votes, the candidate should win the election

Question 7

Head to Head fairness criterion

Answer 7

if a candidate beats every other candidate in a head to head comparison, then the candidate should win the election

Question 8

Monotonicity criterion

Answer 8

a candidate who wins a first election and then gains additional support without losing any of the original support should also win the second elecetion

Question 9

Arrows Impossibility Theorem

Answer 9

it is mathematically impossible for any democratic voting method to simultaneously satisfy each of the four fairness criteria

Question 10

apportion

Answer 10

to allot a discrete number of objects or people in an appropriate, and fair way

Question 11

standard divisor

Answer 11

the total population divided by the number of items to be apportioned

Question 12

standard quota

Answer 12

the population divided by the standard divisor

Question 13

lower quota

Answer 13

the standard quota rounded down to the nearest whole number

Question 14

upper quota

Answer 14

the standard quota rounded up to the nearest whole number

Question 15

Hamilton’s method

Answer 15

Step 1: Calculate the group’s standard quota
Step 2: Initially, assign each group their lower quota
Step 3: Give the surplus items, one at a time, to the groups with the largest decimal parts in their standard quotas. Do this until all surplus items are allocated

Question 16

modified divisor

Answer 16

a divisor that is altered to yield a preferred result

Question 17

modified quota

Answer 17

a quota obtained with a modified divisor

Question 18

Jefferson’s method

Answer 18

Step 1: Find a suitable modified divisor
Step 2: Use modified divisor to find each state’s modified quota
Step 3: Apportion to each state its modified lower quota

Question 19

Adam’s method

Answer 19

Step 1: Find a suitable modified divisor
Step 2: Use modified divisor to find each state’s modified quota
Step 3: Apportion to each state its modified upper quota

Question 20

Webster’s Method

Answer 20

Step 1: Find a suitable modified divisor
Step 2: Use modified divisor to find each states modified quota
Step 3: Apportion to each state its modified quota, conventionally (round normally)

Question 20

The Quota Rule

Answer 20

A group apportionment should be either its upper quota or its lower quota. An apportionment method that guarantees this will always occur is said to satisfy the quota rule

Question 21

The Alabama Paradox

Answer 21

an increase in the total number of items to be apportioned results in the loss of an item for a group

Question 22

Population Paradox

Answer 22

Group A loses items to Group B, even though the population of Group A grew at a faster rate than that of Group B

Question 23

New States Paradox

Answer 23

the addition of a new group changes the apportionment of other groups

Question 24

Balinski Young Impossibility

Answer 24

There is no perfect apportionment method. Any apportionment method that does not violate the quota rule must produce paradoxes, and any apportionment method does not produce paradoxes must violate the quota rule.

Question 25

Gross Income

Answer 25

total income

Question 26

Adjusted Gross Income

Answer 26

determined by subtracting ADJUSTMENTS from gross income

Question 27

Taxable Income

Answer 27

the adjusted gross income less EXEMPTIONS and DEDUCTIONS

Question 28

Tax Credit

Answer 28

reduces your total tax bill by the amount of the credit

Question 29

Tax Deduction

Answer 29

reduces your taxable income by the amount of the deduction

Question 30

Income Tax

Answer 30

is the computed tax less the tax credits

Question 30

FICA

Answer 30

taxes collected and used for Social Security and Medicare Benefits

Question 31

Annuity

Answer 31

series of periodic statements

Question 32

Ordinary Annuity

Answer 32

an annuity in which payments are made at the end of the payment period