Units 1-4

Question 1

What is sustainable agriculture? Why is it important?

Answer 1

Agriculture that can be practiced in the way very and some place in the future

Question 2

How much land is used for food production?

Answer 2

38%

Question 3

Why is demand for land to produce food increasing?

Answer 3

It increases as human population increases

Question 4

How has agriculture changed over time? Why? What problems has this caused?

Answer 4

Changes to industrialized agriculture led to large population growth. Increased erosion, pollution, and groundwater

Question 5

Was it the Green Revolution?

Answer 5

Third wave of new tech and farming practices were introduced to developing countries

Question 5

What is soil degradation and why is it happening?

Answer 5

From deforestation land became galvanized to do over irrigation/fertilization

Question 6

What is the result of soil degradation?

Answer 6

Reduced potential food crop production by 13%

Question 6

Describe a time in history when this became a major problem

Answer 6

A long time ago when humans slated being more active

Question 7

Name and describe some sustainable farming practices.

Answer 7

Crop rotation- growing different crops year after another
Wind breaks - rows of trees planted along the edges of fields to slow the wind

Question 8

Describe how a more plant based diet is more sustainable?

Answer 8

Eating lower on the food chain feeds more people

Question 9

Describe genetic engineering in crops and include pros and cons of them as a whole? Give examples.

Answer 9

Mixes of genes of different species pro decreased irrigation can contaminate organisms

Question 10

How is overfishing causing problems?

Answer 10

Leaving people hungry, fish aren’t able to reproduce making their population small

Question 11

How much of our world’s fisheries are overexploited?

Answer 11

74%

Question 12

What is the difference between renewable and renewable resources? Which energy sources fall into each category?

Answer 12

renewable -source that can be replenished nonrenewable does not replenish fossil fuels

Question 13

How much do we currently rely on fossil fuels and why is this a problem?

Answer 13

86% of all energy sources used by humans

Question 14

Fossil fuels

Answer 14

Pros- clean energy, small land, footplant
Cons- Water intensive, non-renewable, radio active

Question 14

nuclear power

Answer 14

Pros- renewable, green until end of life
Cons- Doesn’t work for every foot top expensive

Question 15

Wind energy

Answer 15

Pros- Renewable, good paying jobs, low cost
Cons- Fires leakes, remote locations

Question 16

hydroelectric energy

Answer 16

Pros- Start quickly, uses water, renewable, clean
Cons- Expensive displaces people

Question 17

geothermal

Answer 17

Pros- Reliable small and footprint
Cons- Expensive, earthquakes, location restricted

Question 18

biomass

Answer 18

Pros- Less waste, clean energy
Cons- Deforestation, expensive, not clean

Question 19

What is the ecological footprint of humans?

Answer 19

17% of the population on consumes 90% of resources

Question 20

What factors affect the ecological footprint? Give an example.

Answer 20

Country of residence, quality of goods, consumed resources used

Question 21

When is a country considered an ecological debtor vs creditor? Give examples of countries in each category. What are the reasons this happens?

Answer 21

Debtor- When ecological footprint exceeds biocapacity
Creditor- Biocapacity exceeds footprint

Question 22

What is biocapacity?

Answer 22

Biologically productive area available to provide resources we use and absorb

Question 23

What is global overshoot?

Answer 23

Point where human consumption and waste production exceeds natures capacity to create more

Question 24

What is sustainability and what should we consider when discussing sustainability of human behavior?

Answer 24

The date each year we run out of resources

Question 25

What is an atom

Answer 25

Smallest component of matter that keeps the properties of particular elements

Question 26

What is at the center of an atom?

Answer 26

Nucleaus

Question 27

What are the 3 subatomic particles in an atom Number of protons

Answer 27

Where are they located in the atom and what is their charge? Protons (Positive +), Neutrons( Neutral 0), and Electrons (-)

Question 28

The atomic number is the total number of which particle in the nucleus

Answer 28

Number of protons

Question 29

Explain anion and cation. Ions that are charged due to the loss or gain of electrons

Answer 29

Anion- negative (-) Cation- positive (+)

Question 29

What does the number 84 in Krypton-84 represent

Answer 29

84 nucleons

Question 30

Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons are called

Answer 30

Isotopes

Question 30

Why are the atomic masses on the periodic table not whole numbers

Answer 30

It's the average of the various isotopes

Question 31

What is the nucleus of an atom composed of

Answer 31

Protons and neutrons

Question 32

What is the charge of the nucleus of an atom

Answer 32

Positive

Question 33

What is the overall charge of an atom with 5 protons and 6 electrons

Answer 33

-1

Question 34

Chlorine has two naturally occurring isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37. The atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45. Which of these two isotopes of chlorine is more abundant in nature

Answer 34

Cl-35 because the mass averages just 0.2 above 35

Question 35

What is the difference between mass number and atomic mass? Why are they different?

Answer 35

Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons and the atomic the mass of an element from their natural abundance from their isotope

Question 36

How is the modern periodic table organized

Answer 36

Rows-Periods Numbers 1-7 (across), Columns-Groups 1-18 (up and down)

Question 37

How did Dmitri Mendeleev originally organized the periodic table

Answer 37

Also rows and columns

Question 37

What subatomic particle has such a small mass that scientists ignore its mass when calculating the mass number of an atom

Answer 37

Electrons

Question 38

Do Groups go across or up & down the periodic table

Answer 38

Up and down

Question 39

What are the different properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals

Answer 39

Metals- Group 1 lustrous and shiny, Ductile and malleable, good conductors Metalloids- The stairstep line both characteristics of metals and nonmetals Non-Metals- Top of the stairstep line , dull and brittle, poor conductors

Question 40

How many valence electrons does Chlorine have? Which group do they want to “hang out with?

Answer 40

7 valence electrons

Question 40

What is a niche?

Answer 40

A species or organisms role in the environment

Question 41

What is competition? Who does this occur between? Give an example.

Answer 41

When different populations or animals are fighting for the same resource

Question 42

What is indirect competition? Give an example.

Answer 42

When species compete with one another even if they never come in contact with each other

Question 43

What is a symbiotic relationship?

Answer 43

Interaction between two or more species that live together on direct contract

Question 44

Define the four symbiotic relationships and give an example of each.

Answer 44

Parasitism- on organism benefits while living of another- tapeworm Commensalism- one organism benefits and the other is unharmed- barnacles/whale Mutualism- both organisms benefit and help each other- flowering plants Predation- one animal preying on another organism

Question 44

What is Ecology?

Answer 44

The interaction among organisms with each other and environment

Question 45

What is the relationship between kelp, sea otters and sea urchins?

Answer 45

Sea otters keep the urchin population so low that kelp can grow healthy

Question 46

Name and define the levels of organization on Earth and number in order largest to smallest

Answer 46

Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

Question 46

What is an autotroph? Heterotroph?

Answer 46

Autotrophs- produces food on its own Heterotrophs- does not produce food on its own lives off other organisms

Question 47

Name and define the 4 different types of heterotrophs. What do they eat?

Answer 47

Herbivores- Plants Carnivores- meat Omnivores- both Detritivores- dead organic material

Question 48

Draw an example of a food chain and use arrows to show the direction of the energy flow.

Answer 48

A species where other species depend on it

Question 49

What is a keystone species?

Answer 49

Species where other species depend on it

Question 50

What are trophic levels? Provide an example below.

Answer 50

Producers- plants Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers

Question 50

What are keystone species responsible for doing within the ecosystem?

Answer 50

Regulates population, enhances habitat, recycles nutrients and waste

Question 51

What is an energy pyramid?

Answer 51

Shows how much energy is produced at each level

Question 52

Demography

Answer 52

Study of human populations

Question 53

Limiting Factors

Answer 53

Anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing

Question 53

Carrying capacity

Answer 53

Maximum number of individuals of an ecosystem that can support

Question 54

Cultural carrying capacity

Answer 54

The maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely without decreasing the ability of the Earth to sustain future generations

Question 55

Immigration

Answer 55

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign area

Question 56

Emigration

Answer 56

The action of leaving one's area to settle permanently

Question 57

Death rate

Answer 57

The ratio of deaths to a population of a particular area

Question 58

Birth rate

Answer 58

The number of live births per thousand of population per year

Question 59

Fertility rate

Answer 59

Total births per woman

Question 60

Demographic transition model

Answer 60

Explains why countries go through a period of rapid population growth

Question 60

Eutrophication

Answer 60

Process where algae grows in excessive amounts due to an abundant amount of nutrients

Question 60

Greenhouse Effect

Answer 60

The way in which heat is trapped close to Earth’s surface by “greenhouse gasses”

Question 61

What type of growth is taking place in regards to global human populations?

Answer 61

Exponential growth

Question 61

What is the world’s current population estimate?

Answer 61

8.1 Billion

Question 62

What is the difference between r and k strategist organisms? Which group are humans?

Answer 62

The R straight live in unstable and unpredictable environments while k stategiest live in more stable conditions Humans are K straight.

Question 63

What type of growth is an S shaped curve graph? Why does this occur over the J shaped curve?

Answer 63

Logistic growth, Population increases then reaches its carrying capacity

Question 64

When did the human growth rate peak? What has it done since its peak?

Answer 64

1960s peak annual rates in excess of a percent

Question 65

What event in the mid 1700s significantly changed human population growth?

Answer 65

Industrial Revolution

Question 66

Where is population growth greater? Developing nations or developed nations? Why?

Answer 66

Developing nations, they don’t have the right education

Question 67

What are some contributing factors for the exponential increase in human population during the last century?

Answer 67

Birth rates going up

Question 68

What is the current world population growth rate?

Answer 68

0.88% increase

Question 69

What are factors that contribute to lowering fertility rates?

Answer 69

More jobs for women and more education

Question 70

What factors affect birth and death rates?

Answer 70

Female employment, marriage age

Question 71

What are some of the methods/inventions that have allowed humans to increase their carrying capacity?

Answer 71

Carb picker, crop rotation

Question 72

A population of 1000 alligators has a birthrate of 400 per year. Each year, 150 alligators die, and 150 leave the population to look for new territory, but 30 alligators arrive from other territories to join the population. Calculate the population change

Answer 72

1000/130 = 7.69

Question 73

Where will most of the population growth in the world over the next century occur?

Answer 73

Africa

Question 74

Describe what is occurring with the population during each of the stages of the demographic transition model?

Answer 74

Stage 1—High birth and death rates lead to slow population growth. Stage 2—The death rate falls but the birth rate remains high, leading to faster population growth. Stage 3—The birth rate starts to fall, so population growth starts to slow