Units 1- 4 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The science of structures (ex: heart, lungs)
Define Physiology
The science of body functions (what it does)/(ex: heart rate, blood transfer, breathing rate)
Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment (ex: body temp, blood sugar levels)
Stimulus
Change in a variable (regulated)
Receptor
MONITOR a controlled condition
Control Center
Determines the next action (brain, spinal cord)
Effector
Receives signals/directions and produces a change
List the order of the cycle for Homeostasis
Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, homeostasis restored
Negative feedback
original stimulus is reversed (high blood pressure to low)
used for conditions that need frequent adjustments
Positive feedback
original stimulus is intensified (ex: contractions to induce birth, clotting, lactation)
Nucleic Acid
- stores genetic information
- makes proteins
Denature
straighten out a protein (heat, acid, radiation)
List the characteristics of life
Organization, responsiveness, growth, metabolism, regulation, reproduction
List the levels of organization
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system,
Systems in the body are
interrelated
Which two systems regulate the other nine systems?
- Nervous
- Endocrine
What is the net ATP at the end of the cycle
34 ATP
Examples of cell shapes
Spherical, biconcave, cylindrical, cube, column, irregular (squamous)
What are the 3 main structural features of a cell
- Maintains borders and shape
- Harvest energy and matter
- Waste management
Define osmosis
movement of water through a semipermeable membrane
“Where salt goes, water flows”
Osmotic pressure
Isotonic
no change (saline)
Hypotonic
blood cells shrink (distilled water)
Hypertonic
blood cells swell (salt water)
Define tonicity
ability of a solution to change
Exocytosis
outside cell processes
Endocytosis
inside cell process
Nuclear envelope
lets things in and out of the cell
Apoptosis
cell suicide or programmed cell death
when: injury/infection, cancerous cells, development
Necrosis
death from trauma
Features of epithelial tissue
Cellularity, polar, attached, avascular
Functions of epithelial tissue
protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensation
Gland
secrete into body
Exocrine gland
have ducts
Components of connective tissue
cells spread out, fibers (protein), ground substance
The ground substance consists of:
fluid- plasma
semisolid- cartilage
solid- bone
Collagen
strong, but do not stress
ex: tendon, ligament
Reticular
similar to collagen, thinner and more supportive
ex: liver
Elastic
even thinner, stretchy
ex: lung, bv, skin
Functions of connective tissue
- physical protection
- support/ex: capsules
- binding/ ex: ligaments
- storage/fat-E/bones-Ca, P
- transport/ ex: blood
- immunity/WBC
Skeletal muscle characteristics
long, striped
v movement, reflexes, attached to bone
Cardiac muscle characteristics
striated, intercalated discs
inv, move blood
Smooth muscle characteristics
tapered, “flattened toothpicks”
contractions, hollow organs, inv
Functions of nervous tissue
continue nerve impulses, communication, regulation, “helper cells”
Roles of different tissues
Epithelial; secretions, Muscle; mixing and moving, Nervous; contraction, Cardiac; support and strength
Mucous membrane
line passageways, secrete, lubricate, and prevent infections
Serous membrane
lines thoracic and abdomen cavities, outside of organs, lubricate
Cutaneous membrane
covers the outside of the body
Synovial membrane
line joints, secrete fluids
Cutaneous membrane
covers the outside of the body
Hyperplasia
increase in # of cells
Hypertrophy
increase in SIZE of cells
Atrophy
decrease in SIZE of cells
Stratum basale
1 cell thick, bottom layer,stem cells
Stratum spinosum
many cells
Stratum granulosa
granules of keratin
Stratum lucidum
clear layer, tough thick cells (dead)
Regeneration
repair with the same tissue
Fibrosis
repair that leads to the formation of a scar
Wound healing process
- Bleeding
- Clotting
- Granulation tissue (dermis repairs)
- Scab (epidermis repairs)
