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AP Human Geography > Units 1-3 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Units 1-3 Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Islam

A
  • Second largest world religion
  • 1.6 billion adherents
  • Universalizing
  • Started in the 7th century CE on the Arabian Peninsula
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1
Q

Isogloss

A

Boundary with in which certain words are spoken; word usage boundary

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2
Q

Independent inventions

A

Developments that can be traced to a specific civilization

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3
Q

Indo-European language family

A

Group of languages; The languages in this family are spoken by approx. 1/2 of the world’s people

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4
Q

Humanism

A

Emphasizes the ability of human beings to guide their own lives

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5
Q

Hinduism

A
  • 3rd largest religion with 800 million adherents
  • Mostly in India and Nepal
  • Not tightly organized
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6
Q

Hierarchial diffusion

A

Diffusion in which ideas and artifacts spread first between larger places/prominent people and later diffuse to smaller places/less prominent people

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7
Q

Hagerstrand, Torste

A

Famous geographer who wrote about cultural diffusion at about the same time as Carl Sauer

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8
Q

Geographic region

A

Formed by an entire culture system that intertwines with its locational and environmental circumstances

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9
Q

Folk life

A

The composite culture, both material and non-material, that shapes the lives of folk societies

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10
Q

Folk culture region

A

Recognized when many people who live in a land space share at least some of the same folk customs

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11
Q

Folk culture

A

Traditionally practiced by small homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas

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12
Q

Extinct language

A

A language that was once in use, but is no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world

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13
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

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14
Q

Ethnic religion

A

Religion that appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place

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15
Q

Environmental determinism

A

Belief that the physical environment actively shapes cultures

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16
Q

Eastern Orthodox

A
  • 12% of all Christians
  • Split from Roman Catholic Church in 11th century
  • Strong in Eastern Europe and Russia
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17
Q

Durkheim’s sacred and profane

A

Said religion is important in explaining anything that surpasses the limits of our knowledge; objects, events, and experiences are either profane (ordinary) or sacred (extraordinary)

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18
Q

Diaspora

A

Forced exodus from lands of origin

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19
Q

Dialect

A

Regional variants of a standard language

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20
Q

Daoism

A

Philosophy that holds that human happiness lies in maintaining proper harmony with nature

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21
Q

Culture trait

A

A single attribute of a culture

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22
Q

Culture system

A

A group of interconnected culture complexes

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23
Q

Culture region

A

An area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions

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24
Q

Culture complex

A

Consists of common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others

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25
Q

Cultural transmission

A

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next

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26
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards

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27
Q

Cultural landscape

A

The modification of the natural landscape by human activities

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28
Q

Cultural hearths

A

The areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world

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29
Q

Cultural geography

A

Special interests: transformation of the land and the ways that humans interact with the environment

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30
Q

Cultural ecology

A

Field that studies the relationship between the natural environment ant culture

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31
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

The spread of cultural traits to most parts of the globe

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32
Q

Acculturation

A

The process where the less dominant culture adopts some of the traits of the more influential one

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33
Q

Animism

A

The belief that inanimate objects have spirits and conscious life

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34
Q

Artifacts

A

Concrete human creations

35
Q

Assimilation

A

The process through which people lose originality when they come into contact with another society or culture

36
Q

Baha’i

A

Universalizing religion where followers believe Husayn ‘Ali Nuri was the prophet and messenger of God

37
Q

Behaviors

A

Actions that people take

38
Q

Beliefs

A

Specific statements that people hold to be true, and they are almost always based on values

39
Q

Bilingualism

A

The ability to communicate in two languages

40
Q

Buddhism

A
  • 365 million followers

- Began on Indian sub-continent

41
Q

Confucianism

A

Philosophy that provides a code of moral conduct based on humaneness and family loyalty

42
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

Diffusion in which almost all individuals and areas outward from the source region are affected (direct contact implied)

43
Q

Creole

A

Evolved when a pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers

44
Q

Cultural determinism

A

The belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels

45
Q

Judaism

A
  • 2000 BCE by Abraham in lands bordering the East Mediterranean Sea
  • 1st recorded monotheistic religion
  • Ethnic religion but members spread across the earth
46
Q

Language

A

Systematic means of communicating ideas and feelings through the use of signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds

47
Q

Language families

A

Group of languages into families with a shared but fairly distant origin

48
Q

Language sub-family

A

Piece of a language family

Ex: Romance languages form a sub-family (from Indo-European family)

49
Q

Lingua Franca

A

An established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large area

50
Q

Linguistic fragmentation

A

A condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a relatively small number of people

51
Q

Linguistic geography

A

The study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions

52
Q

Mahayana

A
  • 56% of Buddhists
  • Characterized by broad incorporation of ideas and gods from other religions
  • East Asia
53
Q

Marxism

A

Transformed communism into a central ideology in many areas during the 20th century

54
Q

Material culture

A

This type of culture includes a wide range of concrete human creations called artifacts, which reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors

55
Q

Migrant diffusion

A

Diffusion in which the spread of cultural traits is slow enough that they weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas

56
Q

Monotheistic religion

A

Religion centered around the belief in one god

57
Q

Multilingualism

A

The ability to communicate in more than two languages

58
Q

Non-material culture

A

Consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs, and behaviors

59
Q

Norms

A

The rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

60
Q

Official language

A

The language endorsed and recognized by the government as the one that everyone should know and use

61
Q

Pidgin

A

An amalgamation of languages that borrows words from several

62
Q

Popular culture

A

Found in large heterogeneous societies that are bonded by a common culture despite the many differences among the people that share it

63
Q

Protestant

A
  • 18% of all Christians
  • Split from Roman Catholic Church in 16th century
  • Later divided into hundreds of denominations
  • Strong in North America, North Europe, Britain, South Africa, and Australia
64
Q

Regional identity

A

An awareness of being a part of a group of people living in a culture region

65
Q

Religion: branches, denominations, sects

A

Religion => Branch => Denomination => Sect

66
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

Diffusion in which individuals or populations migrating from the source areas physically carry the idea or innovation to new areas

67
Q

Roman Catholic

A
  • 50% of all Christians

- Concentrated in Latin America, French Canada, Central Africa, and South and East Europe

68
Q

Sauer, Carl

A

Famous geographer that focused on diffusion in his book Agricultural Origins and Dispersals which was written in 1952

69
Q

Shamanism

A

Ethnic religion in which people follow their shaman, a religious leader and teacher who is believed to be in contact with the supernatural

70
Q

Shiites

A
  • 16% of all Muslims
  • Middle East
  • Iran: 40%, Pakistan: 15%, Iraq: 10%, Turkey Azerbaijan Afghanistan Yemen: 10%
71
Q

Sikhism

A

Universalizing religion that stresses continual improvement and movement toward perfection by taking individual responsibility for their actions

72
Q

Standard language

A

Languages that are recognized by the government and the intellectual elite as the norm for use in schools, government, media, and other aspects of public life

73
Q

Stimulus diffusion

A

Diffusion in which the basic idea stimulates imitative behavior within a population

74
Q

Sunni

A
  • 83% of all Muslims
  • Middle East and Asia
  • Indonesia is the country with the highest concentration
75
Q

Symbolic landscape

A

Symbols on a landscape that represent the culture there

76
Q

Symbols

A

Elements of the world that carry a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

77
Q

Syncretism

A

The process of the fusion of old and new

78
Q

Tantrayana

A
  • 6% of Buddhists
  • Emphasis on magic as well as different meditation techniques
  • Tibet and Mongolia
79
Q

Theraveda

A
  • 38% of Buddhists
  • Characterized by a stricter adherence to the original teachings of the Buddha
  • Southeast Asia
80
Q

Time-distance decay

A

Influences the rate of diffusion

81
Q

Toponymy

A

The study of place names

82
Q

Traditional religion

A

An integral part of a local culture and society

83
Q

Trans-culturation

A

Process where two way flows of a culture reflect a more equal exchange of cultural traits

84
Q

Universalizing religion

A

Religion that attempts to be global in its appeal to all people; There are three major ones:

  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • Buddhism

AP Human Geography (1 decks)

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