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Bio 30 > Units 1-3 Homeostasis and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Units 1-3 Homeostasis and Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

It is the body’s way of maintaining a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions.

eg. shivering

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2
Q

How is an Endocrine Gland DIFFERENT from an Exocrine Gland?

A

Endocrine Gland is responsible for secretion of products into the BLOODSTREAM while Exocrine Glands are responsible for products anywhere OTHER than the bloodstream.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the Endocrine System?

A

To facilitate cellular communication through the secretion of chemical messengers (hormones) from glands.

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4
Q

Define Hormones.

A

Original Greek meaning is “to excite” or “to set in motion”. Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells and interact with them to set in motion specific regulatory responses.

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5
Q

How are the Endocrine and Nervous Systems regulated?

A

Through negative feedback loops.

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6
Q

How was testosterone discovered?

A

Adolph Berthold removed and then replaced rooster testicles and observed the behavioural changes between the capons and the roosters.

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7
Q

What are 2 technologies that are used to study hormones and endocrine glands.

A

Nuclear scanning devices, fluorescent stains to differentiate hormones.

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8
Q

How do hormones reach their target cells?

A

The target cells have RECEPTOR PROTEINS that are specifically designed to bind to a specific hormone.

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9
Q

What happens when the hormone reaches its target cell?

A

The hormone attaches to its receptor protein and this triggers a reaction in the cell.

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10
Q

What hormones does the HYPOTHALAMUS release and what do they do?

A

Hypothalamus releasing - and inhibiting - hormones.

They regulate anterior pituitary hormones.

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11
Q

What hormones do the ANTERIOR PITUITARY secrete?

A 
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
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12
Q

When secreted from the Anterior Pituitary, what effects does hGH have?

A

Human Growth Hormone stimulates cell division, bone and muscle growth, and metabolic functions.

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13
Q

When secreted from the Anterior Pituitary, what effects does TSH have?

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone stimulates the Thyroid Gland.

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14
Q

When secreted from the Anterior Pituitary, what effects does ACTH have?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

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15
Q

When secreted from the Anterior Pituitary, what effects does FSH have?

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone stimulates the production of ova and sperm from the ovaries and testes.

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16
Q

When secreted from the Anterior Pituitary, what effects does LH have?

A

Luteinizing Hormone stimulates the sex hormone production from the ovaries and testes.

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17
Q

When secreted from the Anterior Pituitary, what effects does PRL have?

A

Prolactin stimulates the production of milk from the mammary glands.

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18
Q

What hormones do the POSTERIOR PITUITARY secrete?

A 
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OCT)
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19
Q

When secreted from the Posterior Pituitary, what effects does ADH have?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone promotes the retention of water within the kidneys.

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20
Q

When secreted from the Posterior Pituitary, what effects does OCT have?

A

Oxytocin stimulates uterine muscle contractions and production of milk in the mammary glands.

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21
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Thyroid?

A

Thyroxin (T4)

Calcitonin

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22
Q

When secreted from the Thyroid, what effects does Thyroxin have?

A

Thyroxin affects ALL tissues.

Increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development.

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23
Q

When secreted from the Thyroid, what effects does Calcitonin have?

A

Calcitonin targets the bones and kidneys to lower blood-calcium by inhibiting release of calcium from bone and reabsorption of calcium by kidneys.

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24
Q

What hormone does the Parathyroid secrete?

A

Parathyroid-Hormone (PTH)

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25
Q

When secreted from the Parathyroid, what effects does PTH have?

A

Parathyroid-Hormone raises blood-calcium levels by stimulating the bone cells to release calcium, the intestine to absorb calcium from food, and kidneys to reabsorb calcium.

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26
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)
Gonadocorticoids

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27
Q

When secreted from the Adrenal Cortex, what effects do Glucocorticoids have?

A

Glucocorticoids stimulate tissues to raise blood glucose and break down protein.

28
Q

When secreted from the Adrenal Cortex, what effects do Mineralocorticoids have?

A

Mineralocorticoids promote the breakdown of water and sodium by the kidneys.

29
Q

When secreted from the Adrenal Cortex, what effects do Gonadocorticoids have?

A

Gonadocorticoids promote secondary sexual characteristics.

30
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine.

31
Q

When secreted from the Adrenal Medulla, what effects do epinephrine & norepinephrine have?

A

Fight or flight response.

Raise blood glucose levels.

32
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Pancreas?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

33
Q

When secreted from the Pancreas, what effects does insulin have?

A

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels and promotes the formation of glycogen in the liver.

34
Q

When secreted from the Pancreas, what effects does glucagon have?

A

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by converting glycogen to glucose.

35
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Ovaries?

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

36
Q

When secreted from the Ovaries, what effects does estrogen have?

A

Estrogen stimulates uterine lining growth and promotes development of the female secondary sexual characteristics.

37
Q

When secreted from the Ovaries, what effects does progesterone have?

A

Progesterone promotes growth of the uterine lining and prevents uterine muscle contractions.

38
Q

What hormone is secreted from the Testes and what is its effect?

A

Testosterone. Testosterone promotes sperm formation and development of the male secondary sexual characteristics.

39
Q

What is the condition called when there is an excessive production of hGH during childhood?

A

Gigantism.

40
Q

What is the condition called when there is an insufficient production of hGH during childhood?

A

Dwarfism.

41
Q

What is the condition called when there is an excessive production of hGH during adulthood?

A

Acromegaly.

42
Q

Where is the Thyroid Gland located?

A

Directly below the larynx.

43
Q

What is the purpose of Thyroxine?

A

Thyroxine increases the rate at which the body metabolizes fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

44
Q

What role does Thyroxine play in childhood development?

A

It influences the organization of various cells into tissues and organs.

45
Q

What is Cretinism?

A

Cretinism occurs when the thyroid fails to develop during childhood.

46
Q

What is Hypothyroidism?

A

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces extremely low levels of thyroxine.

47
Q

What is Hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine.

48
Q

What is Graves’ Disease?

A

Graves’ Disease is a severe state of hyperthyroidism that occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid.

49
Q

What is Calcitonin?

A

A hormone secreted from the thyroid gland that regulates the blood calcium levels by stimulating the uptake calcium into the bones.

50
Q

What is the Parathyroid Gland and what hormone does it secrete?

A

The Parathyroid Glands are 4 small glands attached to the thyroid gland that secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

51
Q

What is the purpose of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A

It is released in response to falling blood calcium levels and stimulates bone cells to break down bone material and reabsorb calcium into the blood.

PTH also stimulates the kidney to reabsorb calcium from the urine which activates vitamin D which stimulates the absorption of calcium from food.

52
Q

Where is the Adrenal Medulla located and what hormones does it release?

A

The Adrenal Medulla is located within the adrenal glands on top of the kidneys. It releases Epinephrine and Norepinenphrine.

53
Q

What is the purpose of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine?

A

In response to short-term stress, the hypothalamus releases signals to the adrenal medulla which causes the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine and prepares the body for the fight-or-flight response.

54
Q

What hormones does the Adrenal Cortex secrete in response to long-term stress?

A

Gluccocorticoids (Cortisol) and Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) and male and female sex hormones.

55
Q

What triggers the release of cortisol?

A

When the brain senses danger, the hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone. The releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland which secretes Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the adrenal cortex, releasing cortisol.

56
Q

What is the purpose of Cortisol?

A

To raise blood pressure. It does this by promoting the breakdown of muscle protein into amino acids. The amino acids are used by the liver to produce glucose which is then released back into the bloodstream.

Also promotes the breakdown of fat cells to make glucose.

57
Q

What is the purpose of Aldosterone?

A

It stimulates the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to increase the absorption of sodium into the bloodstream, raising blood pressure.

58
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Can occur when the adrenal cortex is damaged. Causes the adrenal cortex to secrete inadequate amounts of mineralocorticoids and gluccocorticoids.

Symptoms are: hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), sodium and potassium imbalances, rapid weight loss, general weakness.

59
Q

Where is the pancreas located and what hormones does it secrete?

A

Located behind the stomach and secretes insulin and glucagon.

60
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

About 200 groups of cells in the pancreas which secrete insulin and glucagon.

61
Q

What are the purposes of Insulin and Glucagon?

A

The Beta Cells of the pancreas secrete insulin which decrease blood sugar.

The Alpha Cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon which increase blood sugar

62
Q

How does Insulin decrease blood sugar levels?

A

When a meal is consumed, large amounts of glucose are secreted into the bloodstream. This stimulates the release of insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin acts of certain receptors to make the target cells more permeable to glucose. Affects muscle cells, and liver cells where glucose is converted into glycogen for storage.

63
Q

How does Glucagon increase blood sugar levels?

A

Exercise or fasting causes a blood sugar decrease. Low levels of blood glucose stimulate the alpha cells which causes the secretion of glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose which is released into the blood.

64
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Results when the body is unable to produce sufficient levels of insulin or does not respond to insulin properly. Because of this, blood sugar levels raise and stay risen . This is called Hyperglycemia.

65
Q

What is Hyperglycemia?

A

When the body is unable to produce sufficient amounts of insulin which causes the cells to remain impermeable to glucose.

66
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

The immune system produces antibodies to attack and destroy the beta cells of the pancreas. The beta cells degenerate and are unable to produce insulin. Diagnoses must take daily insulin injections.

67
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

The receptors on the body’s cells gradually stop responding to insulin.

Bio 30 (1 decks)

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