Units 1 & 2

Question 1

Which structural feature of cardiac muscle cells enables action potentials to travel rapidly from cell to cell?

Answer 1

gap junctions

Question 2

Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into the

Answer 2

atria

Question 3

Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of

Answer 3

surface antigens

Question 4

The average life span of a red blood cell is about

Answer 4

4 months or 120 days

Question 5

The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by red blood cells is termed (the)

Answer 5

hematocrit

Question 6

Drifting blood clots, air bubbles, or fat globules are called

Answer 6

emboli

Question 7

_______ are large phagocytic WBCs that remain in circulation for only about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues to become tissue macrophage

Answer 7

monocytes

Question 8

The innermost layer of the heart wall is the

Answer 8

endocardium

Question 9

For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, protein synthesis requires adequate supplies of factors, such as vitamin B12, which is absorbed from the diet in the presence of which of the following?

Answer 9

intrinsic factor

Question 10

The ________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the lungs.

Answer 10

systemic

Question 11

The tricuspid valve is located

Answer 11

b/w the right atrium and right ventricle

Question 12

uring the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule?

• amino acids
• stercobilins
• bilirubin
• transferrin
• urobilins

Answer 12

amino acids

Question 13

Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions?

Answer 13

anemia

Question 14

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

Answer 14

lungs

Question 15

The semilunar valve of the left side of the heart prevents backflow from the

Answer 15

aorta

Question 16

neutrophils

are agranulocytes.

are not phagocytic.

have multiple nuclei.

are active in fighting bacterial infection.

are responsible for specific defenses.

Answer 16

are active in fighting bacterial infection

Question 17

The skeleton of the heart consists of

a reticular connective tissue within the myocardium.

a bone in the interatrial septum.

a bone in the interventricular septum.

dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue that encircle the heart valves and the bases of the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

fibrous connective tissue in the auricle of the atrium.

Answer 17

dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue that encircle the heart valves and the bases of the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Question 18

The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood directly into the

Answer 18

coronary sinus

Question 19

The average pressure in the right ventricle is ________ the pressure in the left ventricle.

Answer 19

considerably lower than

Question 20

As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of

Answer 20

plasminogen

Question 21

During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot?

Factor X

clotting Factor VII

thrombin

fibrinogen

plasmin

Answer 21

plasmin

Question 22

The following are various components of the conducting system of the heart:
1 - Purkinje cells
2 - AV bundle
3 - AV node
4 - SA node
5 - bundle branches
The sequence in which an action potential would move through this system is

A. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5.
B. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1.
C. 3, 5, 4, 2, 1.
D. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1.
E. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1.

Answer 22

D

Question 23

Following are events that occur during the cardiac cycle.
1. Ventricular pressure increases and exceeds pressure in the arteries.
2. Ventricles fill passively.
3. Atrial relaxation begins.
4. Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles.
5. Pressure in ventricles drops and blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves, forcing them closed.
6. Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed.

4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 5
2, 4, 3, 6, 1, 5
3, 6, 1, 5, 4, 2
2, 5, 1, 6, 3, 4
4, 3, 6, 1, 5, 2

Answer 23

4, 3, 6, 1, 5, 2

Question 24

Platelets are

giant, multinucleated cells.

cytoplasmic fragments.

immature leukocytes.

fixed macrophages.

surface antigens.

Answer 24

cytoplasmic fragments

Question 25

Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body.

Answer 25

ECF

Question 26

The primary function of the venae cavae includes which of the following?

Answer 26

return blood to the right atrium

Question 27

Pus associated with infected wounds contain which type of white blood cell?

Answer 27

neutrophils

Question 28

When the ventricles are relaxed, the ________ are loose and there is no resistance to the flow of blood from atrium to ventricle.

Answer 28

chordae tendineae

Question 29

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

Answer 29

lungs

Question 30

In ________, the cusps of the bicuspid valves do not close properly mitral valve prolapse valvular heart disease ventricular stenosis myocardial infarctions aortic sinuses

Answer 30

mitral valve prolapse

Question 31

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a deficiency of antibodies. erythrocytes. platelets. eosinophils. neutrophils.

Answer 31

platelets

Question 32

The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together. whole blood hematocrit thrombocyte hemopoeisis packed cell volume

Answer 32

whole blood

Question 33

The wall between the atria is called the ventricle. coronary sinus. coronary sulcus. auricle. interatrial septum.

Answer 33

interatrial septum

Question 34

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced. Erythropoiesis Lymphopoiesis Anemia Leukopenia Leukemia

Answer 34

anemia

Question 35

Small tributaries from the branches of the coronary arteries form interconnections called ________. infarcts auricles regurgitations trabeculae carneae anastomoses

Answer 35

anastomoses

Question 36

The most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample is the ________.

Answer 36

neutrophil

Question 37

Which of the following is an agranulocyte? A) erythrocyte B) basophil C) neutrophil D) eosinophil E) monocyte

Answer 37

monocyte

Question 38

A blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel is called a(n) embolus. thrombus. plaque. coagulant. platelet plug.

Answer 38

thrombus

Question 39

the least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the neutrophils. eosinophils. basophils. lymphocytes. monocytes.

Answer 39

basophils

Question 40

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the liver. thymus. spleen. red bone marrow. yellow bone marrow.

Answer 40

red bone marrow

Question 41

________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall. Hemotaxis Positive chemotaxis Hemolysis Diapedesis Amoeboid movement

Answer 41

diapedesis

Question 42

After 24 hours in circulation, the ________ complete their maturation and become indistinguishable from other mature RBC reticulocytes myelocytes erythroblasts hemocytoblasts monocytes

Answer 42

reticulocytes

Question 43

cardiac muscle cells have abundant reserves of myoglobin, which function in

Answer 43

storing oxygen

Question 44

The cardiac skeleton of the heart functions to convey blood away from the heart. supply blood to the muscle tissue of the heart. reduce friction between the opposing surfaces of the pericardial sac. stabilize the position of the heart valves. provide for the movement of ions and small molecules.

Answer 44

stabilize the positions of the heart valves

Question 45

If valve function deteriorates such that the heart cannot maintain adequate circulatory flow, symptoms of ________ appear. mitral valve prolapse carditis coronary artery disease rheumatic fever valvular heart disease

Answer 45

valvular heart disease

Question 46

Which of the following indicates the start of the systemic circuit? pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries vena cavae ascending aorta cardiac veins

Answer 46

ascending aorta

Question 47

Specialized ________ convey the impulses to the contractile cells of the ventricular myocardium.

Answer 47

Purkinje fibers

Question 48

The chief difference between plasma and serum involves the - amount of water. - quantity of electrolytes. - quantity of organic wastes. - presence/absence of clotting proteins. - concentration of glucose.

Answer 48

presence/absence of clotting proteins.

Question 49

Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?

Answer 49

sickle cell anemia

Question 50

The marginal artery branches off the

Answer 50

right coronary artery

Question 51

Which statement is correct regarding the heart wall? The endothelium consists of cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. The myocardium is comprised of a simple squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue. The endocardium is the visceral pericardium. The cardiac muscle tissue forms bands that wrap around the ventricles and spiral into the wall of the atria. The epicardium is a serous membrane that consists of an exposed epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

Answer 51

The epicardium is a serous membrane that consists of an exposed epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

Question 52

The QRS complex on an ECG tracing represents

Answer 52

ventricular depolarization

Question 53

During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate (without nucleus) cell? reticulocyte erythrocyte myeloid stem cell hemocytoblast proerythroblast

Answer 53

reticulocyte

Question 54

Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of prothrombin and other clotting factors? vitamin A vitamin B vitamin C vitamin K vitamin E

Answer 54

vitamin K

Question 55

Veins that return blood to the heart are also referred to as ________ vessels. afferent mitral valvular efferent pulmonary

Answer 55

afferent

Question 56

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation? stem cell, erythroblast stage, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC hemocytoblast, myeloblast, reticulocyte, megakaryocyte, RBC myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC monoblast, promonocyte, myelocyte, band cell, RBC lymphoblast, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, band cell, RBC

Answer 56

myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

Question 57

During their formation, RBCs flatten. multiply their mitochondria. eject their nucleus and most of their organelles. are saturated with oxygen. recycle hemoglobin.

Answer 57

eject their nucleus and most of their organelles.

Question 58

The white blood cells that are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas, are eosinphils basophils monocytes neutrophils

Answer 58

monocytes

Question 59

The common pathway of coagulation ends with the sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. the activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen. the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium. the activation of a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin. the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Answer 59

the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Question 60

EPO is released when oxygen levels in the blood increase. oxygen levels in the blood decrease. carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase. carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease. protein levels in the blood increase.

Answer 60

oxygen levels in the blood decrease

Question 61

The right and left coronary arteries originate at the ________. aortic sinuses coronary sinus pulmonary trunk marginal artery fossa ovalis

Answer 61

aortic sinuses

Question 62

A disorder resulting from the obstruction (buildup of fatty deposits) of coronary circulation is called valvular heart disease rheumatic heart disease coronary thrombosis coronary artery disease heart block

Answer 62

coronary artery disease

Question 63

The left and right coronary arteries supply blood to the muscle tissue of the

Answer 63

heart

Question 64

In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound? urobilin bilirubin stercobilin transferrin biliverdin

Answer 64

biliverdin

Question 65

Red blood cells result from the divisions of ________, which are multipotent stem cells. hemocytoblasts lymphoblasts monoblasts myeloblasts progenitor cells

Answer 65

hemocytoblasts

Question 66

Which organ, a primary source of plasma proteins, synthesizes more than 90 percent of such proteins? kidneys spleen liver bone marrow thymus

Answer 66

liver

Question 67

Relaxation of the heart chambers is called

Answer 67

diastole

Question 68

Which of the following are the MOST active type of leukocytes, phagocytically, and are usually the first to arrive at an injury site?

Answer 68

neutrophils

Question 69

Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are albumins. fibrinogens. globulins. fibrin. platelets.

Answer 69

albumin

Question 70

The main event of the coagulation phase is vascular spasm. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. clot retraction. the formation of a platelet plug. the contraction of platelets.

Answer 70

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Question 71

Agglutinins are surface antigens on RBCs. prevent blood clotting. are substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response. are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type. contain abundant stained "granules."

Answer 71

are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.

Question 72

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver? albumin fibrinogen Factor X calcium vitamin K

Answer 72

factor x

Question 73

During rapid depolarization of a ventricular contractile cell, the voltage-gated sodium channels close when the transmembrane potential reaches ________. -90 mV -30 mV 0 mV +30 mV +90 mV

Answer 73

+30mV

Question 74

Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process. vitamin K vitamin A vitamin D vitamin E thiamin

Answer 74

vitamin K

Question 75

Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen? thrombosis fibrinolysis agglutination intrinsic coagulation pathway extrinsic coagulation pathway

Answer 75

fibrinolysis

Question 76

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. vena cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?

Answer 76

5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6

Question 77

The first heart sound ("lubb") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________. open; close close; open open; open close; close The actions of the valves do not contribute to the heart sounds.

Answer 77

close; open

Question 78

When a chamber fills with blood and is preparing to begin the next cardiac cycle, that chamber is in systole. in arrhythmia. contracting. depolarizing. in diastole.

Answer 78

in diastole

Question 79

Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the A) coronary sinus. B) pulmonary veins. C) venae cavae. D) aorta. E) pulmonary arteries.

Answer 79

venae cavae

Question 80

The semilunar valve of the left side of the heart prevents backflow from the A) aorta. B) pulmonary trunk. C) pulmonary veins. D) right ventricle. E) left ventricle.

Answer 80

aorta