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unite 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what minerals we talk about ?

A

we talk about the minerals that make up jewelry, compose kitty litter, coat the surface of a potato chip, and conduct electricity

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2
Q

what is the five criteria that makes mineral mineral?

A

A mineral must

be naturally occurring
be a solid
be inorganic
have a crystal structure
have a definite chemical composition
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3
Q

is coal mineral explain your answer

A

no because Coal is organic; it formed millions of years ago from the remains of plants and animals

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4
Q

what are one of these is a mineral glass,concrete, asphalt, brick, and steel.
and why?

A

non of these things is mineral because they are manufactured

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5
Q

what is Crystal structure

A

the regular, orderly, and repeated arrangement of atoms in a crystal

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6
Q

how to know if mineral have crystal structure

A

smash sample of the material and see if it’s look like cube then it have crystal structure or using microscope

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7
Q

what is the different between elements and compounds

A

An element is a substance composed of only one type of atom.
Compounds
and they are made of two or more atoms arranged in a regular pattern.

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8
Q

most of the minerals are elements or compounds ?

A

compounds

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9
Q

A mineral always has certain elements in the ______

A

same proportions.

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10
Q

what determine the physical properties of a mineral.?

A

Crystal structure and chemical composition determine the physical properties of a mineral.

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11
Q

what make up rocks in the lithosphere ?

A

minerals

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12
Q

some minerals you can’t rely on ____ to identify it.

A

the color

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13
Q

what is Streak ?

A

is the powder that the mineral makes when it is scraped on a small piece of unglazed porcelain

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14
Q

what something of a mineral is a much more reliable identifier than color.?

A

streak

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15
Q

what is Luster ?

A

a description of how the surface of a mineral reflects light

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16
Q

Terms to describe luster include ?

A

metallic, nonmetallic, glassy, earthy, waxy, or pearly.

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17
Q

in general what minerals called metallic

A

minerals that contain metals are described as metallic

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18
Q

what are the properties of minerals

A

luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage or fracture, and special properties.

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19
Q

what is unlike color and luster, cannot be determined simply by looking at a mineral.

A

Hardness

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20
Q

what is hardness

A

which is a mineral’s resistance to being scratched

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21
Q

what is in mohs harness scale

A
  1. talc 6. feldspar
  2. gypsum 7. quartz
  3. calcite 8. topaz
  4. fluorite 9. corundum
  5. apatite 10. diamond
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22
Q

A ____ can scratch any mineral ____ than itself but will be scratched by ____ that is ____

A

A mineral can scratch any mineral softer than itself but will be scratched by a mineral that is harder

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23
Q

what are some common object can determine the hardness of mineral ?

A

fingernailw2.5
pennyw3.5
iron nailw4.5
glassw5.5
streak platew6.5

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24
Q

how to use common object in determining the harness

A

Work your way through the different items of known hardness to narrow in on the hardness of an unknown object.

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25
Q

cleavage

A

the tendency of a mineral to break along one or more distinct planes

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26
Q

what property depends on the arrangement of the atoms in a mineral

A

cleavage

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27
Q

what is fracture

A

Fracture is a description of how the mineral looks as it breaks in an irregular way

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28
Q

some ——-have special properties that make them easy to ——. The ——–may have a unique—–or ——

A

some minerals have special properties that make them easy to identify. The mineral may have a unique smell or taste

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29
Q

———-, —— and other ——- used to make different products come from minerals.

A

Metals, gemstones, and other materials used to make different products come from minerals.

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30
Q

Minerals can be used in a variety of ways based on their —— and ————–

A

Minerals can be used in a variety of ways based on their purity and chemical composition

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31
Q

hematite used in ?

A

spring

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32
Q

quartz used in ?

A

clocks

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33
Q

sliver used in ?

A

freamework

34
Q

what are some proprieties of gemstone?

A

is a hard, colorful mineral with a glassy or shiny luster.

35
Q

is a rock that contains a metal or a mineral with economic usefulness

A

An ore is a rock that contains a metal or a mineral with economic usefulness

36
Q

Minerals may be sources of metals such as

A

such as aluminum, iron, copper, or silver. For example, the minerals magnetite and hematite are important sources of lead.

37
Q

how metals appear ?

and were they are ?

A

Most metals do not appear naturally in a form we can use. A metal is usually within a mineral that has a combination of the metal and other elements.

38
Q

what is Prospecting

A

Prospecting is the art of finding minerals of interest.

39
Q

here are three types of mines:

A

strip
openpit
shaft

40
Q

how to determine which type of mine will be best suited for the task at hand.

A

Geologic maps of an area where an ore has been located determine which type of mine will be best suited for the task at hand.

41
Q

what scrapes away the soil in an area to expose an ore.

A

strip mining

42
Q

talk about strip mines

A

Strip mining is one way to remove an ore from the ground.

Strip mines are often used to remove ores such as uranium. These mines are typically safer for miners because they are working out in the open air and are not subject to mine collapses or the buildup of dangerous gases.

Erosion and runoff from strip mines do cause problems for the environment, however, by polluting and disrupting great tracts of land.

43
Q

open-pit mining

A

Strip mining is one way to remove an ore from the ground.

Strip mines are often used to remove ores such as uranium. These mines are typically safer for miners because they are working out in the open air and are not subject to mine collapses or the buildup of dangerous gases.

Erosion and runoff from strip mines do cause problems for the environment, however, by polluting and disrupting great tracts of land.

44
Q

Openpit mining

A

Openpit mines also wreak havoc on the environment. Some openpit mines may extend more than 1 km wide and nearly as deepwa significant environmental disruption. Think about the scar that an openpit mine will leave, as well as the impact that the machinery will have on the air and surrounding land.

Mining companies are now required to reclaim, or restore, the land that they disrupt. Mining companies may be required to clean up the water in the surrounding area or replace the disturbed soil.

45
Q

Shaft mines cause.

A

less damage to the environment but pose more risk to miners

46
Q

talk about shaft mines

A

If an ore is concentrated in a vein or crack in the rock, a shaft mine may be the best way to remove it from the ground. Shaft mines are long tunnels built into the ground into which miners travel to extract the ore. It requires less removal of soil and surrounding rock, but can pose a greater risk to miners. Buildup of gases, explosions, and collapses are all dangers that the miners face.

47
Q

Minerals are essential ingredients in——?

A

food, medicine, fertilizers, and building materials.

48
Q

examples of mineral use

A

For example, the mineral fluorite is used in the process to make steel and aluminum. Calcite is often used in optical microscopes. Quartz is used in watches. Kalonite is used in kitty litter and in china and pottery. If you read the ingredients on a bag of chocolate candies, you’ll see the ingredient titanium dioxide.Titanium dioxide is the mineral rutile, used as the white “paint” for certain letters on certain chocolate candies.

49
Q

crystalline meaning

A

meaning that they are made of atoms arranged in a regular pattern.

50
Q

what constitute 98.5 percent of the total mass of the crust.

A

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium

51
Q

what are found in 90 percent of all minerals.

A

oxygen and silicon

52
Q

How do elements stay together in a compound

A

They stay together because of the arrangement of electrons. An atom is composed of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, as well as electrons in a series of shells outside the nucleus.

53
Q

when it is electrically neutral.

A

If there are an equal number of electrons and protons, the atom

54
Q

however, if the atom gains an electron, the atom becomes———-. If it loses an electron, it becomes —————-

A

however, the atom gains an electron, the atom becomes negatively charged. If it loses an electron, it becomes positively charged.

55
Q

An atom with a charge is called

A

an ion

56
Q

Ions of opposite charges may —————

A

Ions of opposite charges may come together to form compounds.

57
Q

what about halite ?

A

An ion of sodium has 11 protons (positive charges) and 10 electrons (negative charges) for an overall charge of +1. A chlorine ion has 17 protons and 18 electrons for an overall charge of v1. These ions are attracted to each other since they are opposites.

58
Q

——— with which an ion gains or loses electrons is important.

A

The ease with which an ion gains or loses electrons is important.

59
Q

what minerals tend to lose electrons easily ?

A

Metals tend to lose electrons easily and therefore become positive ions. Gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, aluminum, and many other metals fall into this category.

60
Q

what minerals gain electrons easily

A

Nonmetals gain electrons easily and therefore have an overall negative charge. These nonmetals include oxygen, nitrogen, fluoride, chlorine, and sulfur.

61
Q

what are Ionic bonds

A

Ionic bonds form quite easily between metals and nonmetals. They transfer and accept electrons. Compounds can form from two nonmetals by sharing their electrons in a covalent bond. Silicon will share electrons with two atoms of oxygen to form the mineral quartz.

62
Q

talk about the arrangement of atoms

A

Now take a closer look at the arrangement of the atoms within a mineral.

Minerals are crystalline. Take a look at the illustration of the atomic structure of a halite crystal. Halite crystal is formed from sodium and chlorine ions. Every positively charged sodium ion is bonded to a negatively charged chlorine ion. The result is a regular, repeating pattern where each sodium ion is surrounded by 6 chlorine ions and each chlorine ion is surrounded by 6 sodium ions. The result is the cubic shape you see here.

63
Q

——- are often found in the shapes of crystals.

A

minerals

64
Q

talk about crystal

A

A crystal is a geometric figure with smooth surfaces, or crystal faces. The crystal faces are arranged at specific angles to each other. The angle is always the same for a specific mineral, which can prove to be a useful tool in the identification of the mineral. The crystal faces in a sample of halite meet at 90° angles, while the crystal faces in a sample of quartz meet at a 120° angle.

Six basic crystal shapes are found in all the minerals in the world. The crystal shapes are described in crystal systems:

cubic
monoclinic
tetragonal
orthorhombic
triclinic
hexagonal
65
Q

what are some similarities

A

Look more closely at the crystal systems that make up minerals. Within each shape, axes have been drawn perpendicular to each crystal face to help you visualize things a little better.

In the cubic system, three axes of equal length intersect at 90º angles. Recall that a sample of halite has a cubic shape.

A mineral within the orthorhombic system also has three axes meeting at 90º, but the axes are of different lengths. The mineral topaz is from this crystal system.

Minerals within the tetragonal system also have three axes that meet at 90º. Chalcopyrite is a tetragonal mineral.

66
Q

another similarites

A

Minerals that are part of the triclinic system have three axes of different length that meet at angles that are not perpendicular. Turquoise is a gem that belongs to the triclinic system.

Minerals of the hexagonal system are arranged such that the vertical axis is longer than the horizontal axis. Three horizontal axes of the same length intersect at 60º. Quartz belongs to the hexagonal system.

Lastly, the monoclinic system has three axes of unequal length where two of them intersect at 90º, and the last is not perpendicular to the others. Gypsum, the soft mineral found in building materials, is a monoclinic mineral.

67
Q

talk about silicates

A

Silicates account for more than 90 percent of the minerals in the crust.

Silicates are compounds that contain silica and oxygen and one more metallic element. The building block for all silicates is the silica tetrahedron, which consists of 4 oxygen (O) atoms bonded with 1 atom of silicon (Si). These atoms are held together by covalent bonds. This shape, a tetrahedron, can be arranged in chains, double chains, or sheets. The arrangement of the tetrahedrons in a silicate mineral helps determine the specific properties of a silicate minera

68
Q

smmuray of the proprites of mineral

A

A mineral is a solid because of the attraction between the ions.
The hardness of a mineral depends on the attraction between the ions and the strength of the bonds.
A mineral that exhibits cleavage has planes of weakness within the bonds, which make the bonds between ions easier to split.
The density of a mineral depends on how closely packed together the ions are.

69
Q

what are rocks ?

A

Rocks are groups of minerals bound together in some way.

70
Q

is it possible to identify specific minerals in some rocks with your unaided eye?

A

yes

71
Q

The minerals, composition, and physical properties of a rock depend on what

A

The minerals, composition, and physical properties of a rock depend on where, how, and why the rock formed.

72
Q

how rocks can be classified ?

A

Rocks can be classified by their composition and how they formed.

Geologists use uniformitarianism to explain how rocks form. For example, you can see that lava erupting from a volcano crystallizes into a black rock with very small mineral crystals. You can also see that sand or clay can harden into a material that is very similar to rocks, or you can observe that lava changes rocks and mud when it flows over them. These observations are important.

73
Q

how rocks form today ?

A

Rocks form today in the same way that they formed in the past.

Geologists’ observations of rocks forming today can explain how rocks formed in the past.

An example is the process of rocks forming from cooling lava. Geologists have found rocks like these in various places on the earth’s surface. They can now infer that where they find these fine-grained black rockswwhich contain minerals such as hornblende, augite, and biotitewthere must have been lava that flowed onto the surface and cooled quickly.

74
Q

what preseverd in rocks ?

A

Rock-forming environments are preserved in rocks.

As geologists notice deposits of sand or clay solidifying into rock, they also see examples of similar-looking rock in other places. These observations indicate that the rocks from the geologic past in the rock record must have formed in much the same way as rocks are forming today.

If geologists see rocks changed as a result of being in contact with hot lava, then they can take these observations and continue to explore the rock record for rocks that seemed to have changed in similar ways.

When it comes to identifying the processes that form rocks, the present is the key to the past.

75
Q

what three categories

A

Rocks fall into three categories.

Rocks on the surface can be placed into one of three rock groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. How to classify a rock depends on its mineral composition and on how the rock formed.

Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of hot melted rock. Igneous rocks can form on the surface by the cooling of lava, or they can form deep inside the earth by the slow cooling of magma. Lava is brought to the surface through volcanic processes and is related to the movement of plates. Magma rises up from the mantle into the crust and crystallizes over time.

76
Q

what Igneous rocks contain ?

A

Igneous rocks contain specific minerals.

There are two basic types of igneous rocks: rocks with a high concentration of silica minerals, and rocks with a low concentration of silica minerals.

Some higher silica minerals are feldspar, quartz, and mica. Lower silica minerals include hornblende or other minerals with a lot of calcium, iron, and magnesium.

These are the types of minerals and the appearance of many of the common igneous rocks you will encounter

77
Q

what form by the hardening and cementing of sediment

A

Sedimentary rocks form by the hardening and cementing of sediment. These sediments can be fragments of other rocks, plant or animal remains, or chemicals found in lakes or oceans.

As a result, sedimentary rocks have unique compositions and physical properties. Sedimentary rocks may contain sand, silt, or clay. They may contain fossils or halite. Or they could have minerals or rock fragments that have been glued together with minerals such as calcite, quartz, or hematite.

Examination of sedimentary rocks can tell geologists that the rocks were formed in a river, along the edge of a beach, or in the deep ocea

78
Q

what are A metamorphic rocks?

A

A metamorphic rock is a changed rock.

Metamorphic rocks form when a rock that already existedwan igneous rock, sedimentary rock, or another metamorphic rockwchanges because of heat and pressure.

Metamorphic rocks will have minerals that are the same as other rock types. They will also look very similar to another type of rock because the original rock is changed but not completely.

For example, the igneous rock granite contains minerals such as quartz, muscovite mica, and plagioclase feldspar. If the granite is subjected to heat and pressure, it may change into the metamorphic rock gneiss. Gneiss looks similar to granite with bands, and has the same minerals as are found in granite.

79
Q

what about rocks and minerals ?

A

Rocks are aggregates of minerals.

The minerals that make up rocks can help classify the rock as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. A rock that has minerals such as calcite or halite can quickly be identified as sedimentary, or possibly the metamorphic version of a sedimentary rock. Rocks with crystals of quartz or hornblende are most likely igneous, or the metamorphic version of an igneous rock.

You can identify minerals in rocks with your unaided eye or with the help of a microscope. The identification of mineralswalong with an examination of how the minerals may have formedwwill help classify many unknown rocks.

80
Q

A sedimentary rock that is composed of material evaporated from seawater is described as

A

chemical

81
Q

Sedimentary rocks are often formed in layers. What is this layering called?

A

stratification

82
Q

How does a rock change into a metamorphic rock?

A

heat and presser

1earth science (10 decks)

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