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HISTORY > Unit_allz > Flashcards

Unit_allz Flashcards

1
Q

What role do “chance encounters” play in shaping human lives according to Bandura?

A

Bandura asserts that “chance encounters” significantly influence the course of human lives, highlighting the role of fortuitous events in behavior.

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2
Q

Explain the Rationalism vs. Irrationalism perspective.

A

logical & intelligent = behavior

rational control (emotions or unconscious mechanisms)

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3
Q

What is the Nature vs. Nurture debate in psychology?

A

nature = human attributes are inherited

nurture = determined by experience

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4
Q

Discuss the “Mind and Body” perspectives in psychology.

A

Monists (Materialists and Idealists) explain everything in terms of one type of reality, while Dualists believe in both physical and mental events.

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5
Q

What is Non-determinism’s view on studying humans?

A

Non-determinism ≠ the scientific approach

emphasizing free will & individual choice

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6
Q

Explain the concept of Indeterminism in psychology.

A

human behavior
= determined

causes of behavior
≠ measured

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7
Q

What are the main paradigms in psychology?

A

Behaviouristic, Humanistic, Developmental, Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, and Psychobiological.

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8
Q

Describe Thomas Kuhn’s stages of scientific development.

A

The stages are Pre-paradigmatic (competing viewpoints), Paradigmatic (one viewpoint becomes dominant), and Revolutionary (an existing paradigm is displaced by another).

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9
Q

How does Karl Popper’s Principle of Falsifiability apply to scientific theories?

A

scientific theory

= refutable & risky

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10
Q

What are the different types of determinism discussed in psychology?

A

Biological-
Environmental-
Socioculturaldeterminism

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11
Q

Define Determinism in the context of psychology.

A

Belief that all behavior is caused/explained

=
-> sociocultural factors
-> environmental
-> biological

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12
Q

What principle did Karl Popper introduce in the philosophy of science?

A

Principle of Falsifiability

=> scientific theory
refutable & make risky predictions = strong

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12
Q

What are the main paradigms in psychology mentioned in the script?

A

Behaviouristic, Humanistic, Developmental, Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, and Psychobiological paradigms.

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13
Q

What are the two main components of science according to the script?

A

empirical observation
vs.
theory

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14
Q

How did Galileo and Kant view psychology as a science?

A

They believed psychology could never be a true science due to its concern with subjective experience.

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15
Q

Who was St. Thomas Aquinas and what was his key contribution?

A

Synthesized Aristotle’s works with Christian tradition, advocating the reconciliation of Faith and Reason.

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16
Q

What does the Renaissance signify?

A

„rebirth”

focusing on human-centered away from a God-centered

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17
Q

How did Galileo Galilei contribute to the understanding of reality?

A

objective reality
vs.
subjective reality

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18
Q

Describe the differences between Rationalism and Empiricism.

A

mental structures & truths
-> logical deduction

sensory information & the importance of experience

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19
Q

What is Rene Descartes’ famous statement and its significance?

A

Cogito ergo sum
I think, therefore I am

the mind-body distinction

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20
Q

What is the Bell-Magendie Law?

A

sensory ≠ motor nerves

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20
Q

Explain Paul Broca’s clinical method in psychology.

A

He linked behavior disorders in living patients to specific brain areas post-mortem, notably identifying Broca’s area related to speech.

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20
Q

What role did Islamic philosophers play in the Early Middle Ages?

A

They translated, studied, and expanded ancient Greek and Roman wisdom, contributing to medicine, science, and mathematics.

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21
Q

What were the key characteristics of the Scientific Revolution?

A

Advances by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, focusing on objective observation and the establishment of natural laws.

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22
Q

How did the medieval period view the relationship between faith and reason?

A

reconcile faith & reason

St. Thomas Aquinas

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23
Q

What advancements occurred in the field of Physiology relevant to psychology?

A
  1. nerve conduction
  2. reflexive behavior
  3. sensory perception
  4. brain functioning
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23
Q

What was the primary outcome of the Roman Empire’s fall?

A

Feudalism

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24
Q

What major shift occurred during the Late Middle Ages?

A

separation between theology & philosophy

development of independent reasoning

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25
Q

Who was William of Occam and what did he propose?

A

A pioneer of the Late Middle Ages who advocated for parsimonious explanations (Occam’s razor) in explaining things/keeping explanations simple.

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26
Q

Describe the key themes of Renaissance Humanism.

A

Individualism, personal religions, intense interest in the past, and anti-Aristotelianism.

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27
Q

How did Galileo Galilei differentiate between objective and subjective reality?

A

Objective = independently of perception (shape and size)

Subjective = fluctuates & psychological

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28
Q

What are Isaac Newton’s principles of Newtonian Science?

A

Rejection of divine intervention, belief in natural laws and acceptance of Occam’s razor.

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29
Q

What did Rene Descartes contribute to Rationalism?

A

“Cogito ergo sum” & the idea of innate ideas

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30
Q

Describe John Locke’s view of the human mind.

A

He viewed the mind as a ‘tabula rasa’ or blank slate, filled by experience, challenging Descartes’ concept of innate ideas.

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31
Q

How did Charles Darwin influence psychology?

A

His theory of evolution and natural selection influenced developmental, animal, comparative psychology, and psychobiology.

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31
Q

What was Hermann von Helmholtz’s contribution to psychology?

A

nerve conduction
perception
color vision
audition

Theory
-> sensations are raw elements of conscious experience
-> perceptions are sensations after being given meaning by past experiences

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32
Q

Describe Franz Joseph Gall’s theory of Phrenology.

A

Gall proposed that mental faculties are housed in specific brain areas, evident as bumps or depressions on the skull.

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33
Q

What did Pierre Flourens contribute to understanding the brain?

A

His method of extirpation or ablation in brain research helped understand the localization of brain functions.

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34
Q

What role did Saint Augustine play in shaping views on original sin and free will?

A

He believed original sin damaged human nature and free will, with salvation possible only through divine grace.

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35
Q

How did the Scientific Revolution influence modern psychology?

A

It emphasized objective observation and the establishment of natural laws, significantly impacting modern psychological thought.

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36
Q

What is the significance of the Age of Enlightenment in psychology?

A

empirical evidence, rationality & the scientific method

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36
Q

Describe the impact of Physiology on psychology.

A
  1. nerve conduction
  2. reflexive behavior
  3. sensory perception
  4. brain functioning
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36
Q

How did Darwin’s „Theory of Emotions“ contribute to psychology?

A

human emotions are universal & evolved from animal emotions necessary for survival

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37
Q

What was the main contribution of Rene Descartes to Psychology?

A

He proposed a mechanistic analysis of reflexive behavior, influencing stimulus-response and behavioristic psychology.

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38
Q

What is Wundt’s view on Selective Attention and its role in apperception?

A

Selective Attention is the process by which individuals focus on specific aspects of perceptual experiences

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39
Q

Explain Wundt’s concepts of Perception, Apperception, and Creative Synthesis.

A

Perception = automatic awareness

Apperception = active interpretation

–> leading to creative synthesis

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40
Q

What are the principles of Wundt’s Tridimensional Theory of Feeling?

A

Pleasantness/Unpleasantness

Excitement/Calm

Strain/Relaxation

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41
Q

Describe Wundt’s Elements of Thought.

A

Sensations & Feelings

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42
Q

What did Ebbinghaus conclude about distributed vs. massed practice?

A

Distributed practice > massed practice

=> retention.

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43
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’s stance on meaningfulness in learning?

A

finding that meaningful material is learned and retained more effectively

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44
Q

Describe Oswald Külpe’s contributions.

A

imageless thoughts

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44
Q

What is the significance of the Forgetting Curve?

A

Forgetting = rapid soon after learning

+

slows down over time

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45
Q

Who was Hermann Ebbinghaus and what was his contribution?

A

Forgetting Curve

46
Q

What were Wundt’s goals for experimental psychology?

A

Discovery of basic elements on thought

+

the laws by which mental elements combine into complex mental experiences.

46
Q

What is the distinction between Wundt’s Pure and Experimental Introspection?

A

unstructured self-observation

vs.

structured technique

47
Q

What is Wundt’s Völkerpsychologie?

A

focusing on higher mental processes deduced from cultural products & societal behaviors

48
Q

Explain Wundt’s concept of Voluntarism.

A

Active role of the mind in organizing & interpreting sensory information (conscious will)

49
Q

What is Fechner’s Law?

A

(mathematical) relationship between

physical stimulus
&
the subjective perception of that stimulus

50
Q

Describe Weber’s Law.

A

relationship between

physical stimulus & JND
(the just noticeable difference
in perception)

51
Q

What is Psychophysics and who are its key figures?

A

relationship between
physical stimuli & psychological sensations

Weber & Fechner

52
Q

How did Wilhelm Wundt contribute to scientific psychology?

A

first experimental psychology lab

(studying consciousness and mental processes)

53
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Sciences proposed by Comte?

A

sciences
-> from basic to complex, with psychology considered introspective analysis

54
Q

Describe the Law of the Three Stages according to Comte.

A

Societies evolve through

Theo-> Meta->Scientific

(Theological/Magical
Metaphysical/Philosophical
Scientific/Positive)

55
Q

What was the influence of Positivism on psychology?

A

scientific verification & empirical observations

—> observable phenomena

56
Q

Who was Auguste Comte and what was his contribution?

A

Positivism, advocating for empirical observations as the basis of knowledge.

(French philosopher)

57
Q

How does Wundt define psychology?

A

analytic study = mind

–> through introspection

57
Q

What are the key aspects of Wundt’s Creative Synthesis?

A

mental process of integrating & organizing elemental sensations
–> complex perceptions & ideas

58
Q

What is the distinction between Voluntarism and Materialism according to Wundt?

A

active role of the mind vs. consciousness

59
Q

How does Wundt’s Völkerpsychologie differ from his experimental psychology?

A

collective mental life & behaviors of groups & cultures

vs.

individual consciousness & mental processes

60
Q

What are the key differences between Structuralism and Functionalism?

A

structure of the mind => introspection

vs.

adaptation to the environment

61
Q

Who founded Structuralism?

A

Titchener

62
Q

What was Titchener’s approach to psychology?

A

mental experience
=> introspection & on cataloging basic mental elements

63
Q

How did Functionalism begin?

A

William James

=> publication of “The Principles of Psychology”

64
Q

What were the main goals of Functionalism?

A

Understanding the function of the mind ≠ provide a static description of its contents

65
Q

How did Functionalism view the study of mental processes and behavior?

A

legitimate subjects

=> individual differences

66
Q

What is William James concept of the “Stream of Consciousness”?

A

consciousness = flow

=> constantly changing & unable to be divided

67
Q

How did William James view habits?

A
  1. functional
  2. simplifying movements
  3. increasing accuracy of behavior
  4. reducing fatigue
  5. diminishing the need for conscious attention
68
Q

What was William James view on emotions?

A

emotions = from bodily reactions

<=>

emotion = perception of an event

68
Q

What are the components of the „Empirical Self“ according to James?

A
  1. Material Self (body, family, property)
  2. Social Self (self as known by others)
  3. Spiritual Self (consciousness,emotions)
69
Q

Describe James Ideo-motor theory of behavior.

A

action = action to occur
=> with ideas flowing automatically into behavior unless mental effort is made

70
Q

Who was Granville Stanley Hall and what was his contribution?

A

Founded the first U.S. psychology laboratory

APA

71
Q

What is Kurt Koffka known for in Gestalt Psychology?

A

developmental psychology & for his work in the perception of visual stimuli

71
Q

What is Hall’s Recapitulation Theory?

A

Based on evolutionary theory
=> each individual reenacts all evolutionary stages of the human species in their lifetime

72
Q

What led to the decline of Structuralism?

A

Unreliability of introspection

Refusal to seek practical applications

73
Q

What was Titchener’s method of introspection in Structuralism?

A

basic raw elemental experiences
=> complex cognitive experience

74
Q

How did Functionalism influence psychology?

A
  1. Promotion the scientific status of psychology
  2. Broadened research scope
  3. Led to the development of more rigorous research protocols
75
Q

How did Structuralism view consciousness?

A

”=” mental experience

=> observable conscious events

76
Q

Describe Titchener’s concept of mental elements.

A

Sensations
Images
Affections

76
Q

Explain the Figure-Ground Relationship in perception.

A

Tendency of the visual system
=> simplify a scene into the main object
=> focus on and the background

77
Q

What was Titchener’s Law of Combination?

A

Elements of thought combine to form complex mental processes
(=associationism)

78
Q

What legacy did Structuralism leave?

A

experimental methodology, methodological rigor & paved the way for the establishment of psychology laboratories

78
Q

What were the criticisms of Wundt’s approach by William James?

A

Search for
consciousness & experimentalism

78
Q

How did Functionalism view the role of psychology?

A

Practical science

=> research on animals, children & abnormal humans

78
Q

How did Functionalism contribute to the evolution of psychology?

A

It broadened psychology’s scope and influenced subsequent psychological schools, including behaviorism.

79
Q

What was the relationship between Functionalism and Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

=> function of mental processes in adaptation

80
Q

How did Functionalism view individual differences?

A

Interested
=> Organisms different from each other

80
Q

What role did motivation play in Functionalism?

A

„why“ of mental processes and behavior

80
Q

What was the impact of Functionalism on the social demand for psychology professionals?

A

Social demand for psychology professionals & practical applications of psychological knowledge

80
Q

How did Structuralism and Functionalism view research methods in psychology?

A

Introspection

introspection, animal behavior studies & the study of mental illnesses

80
Q

How did Functionalism influence the study of abnormal psychology?

A

broad scope included the study of abnormal humans
=> clinical psychology & psychiatry

81
Q

Who are the founders of Gestalt Psychology?

A

Wertheimer
Koffka
Köhler

81
Q

What was the impact of Structuralism on psychology’s methodological rigor?

A
  1. Systematic research protocols
  2. Enhancing the scientific rigor
81
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

A psychological approach emphasizing that we perceive and experience the world as organized wholes rather than as a collection of individual elements.

82
Q

What does the term ‘Gestalt’ mean?

A

It means “configuration,” “form,” or “whole” in German.

82
Q

What is the Phi Phenomenon?

A

continuous motion between separate objects

Wertheimer

83
Q

How does Gestalt Psychology view human perception?

A

It views perception as a holistic process where the mind actively organizes sensory input into meaningful patterns and wholes.

84
Q

What was Wolfgang Köhler’s contribution to Gestalt Psychology?

A

nature of learning
problem-solving in animals
contributing to the understanding of insight

85
Q

What is Isomorphism in Gestalt Psychology?

A

psychological experience & brain activity

86
Q

What is the Law of Prägnanz?

A

It states that psychological organization will always be as regular, simple, symmetrical, and precise as possible under the prevailing conditions.

87
Q

What are the Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization?

A

similarity, proximity, closure & continuity

=> form larger ones

87
Q

Explain the concept of Insightful Learning.

A

It is the idea that learning involves a sudden comprehension or understanding of the problem’s structure, leading to a solution.

88
Q

What is the significance of Köhler’s research with chimpanzees?

A

problem-solving can occur through sudden insight rather than just gradual trial and error

88
Q

How does Gestalt Psychology approach the study of learning?

A

It emphasizes the role of insight and understanding in learning, as opposed to mere associative or trial-and-error processes.

89
Q

What is Transposition in Gestalt Psychology?

A

organism learns principles or relationships

not specific responses to specific situations

90
Q

Describe Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory.

A

holistic approach

internal psychological states & external environmental factors

91
Q

What is the Zeigarnik Effect?

A

The tendency to remember uncompleted tasks better than completed ones.

92
Q

How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Behaviorism?

A

Behaviorism
=> observable behaviors

Gestalt
=> mental processes

93
Q

What is the relevance of Christian von Ehrenfels in Gestalt Psychology?

A

Gestaltqualitäten
=> qualities cannot be deduced from the sum of individual elements

94
Q

What is Perceptual Constancy?

A

The ability to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory input such as lighting, viewing angle, or distance.

95
Q

How does Gestalt Psychology explain problem-solving?

A

Problem-solving is seen as a productive and insightful process, where an individual restructures the problem to find a solution.

96
Q

What are the contributions of Gestalt Psychology to contemporary psychology?

A

cognitive psychology
=> perception & problem-solving

97
Q

How did Gestalt Psychology impact the understanding of cognitive processes?

A

holistic & often based on the structural properties of the stimuli

98
Q

How does Gestalt Psychology view consciousness?

A

dynamic & self-organizing system

=> actively configures sensory input into meaningful patterns

98
Q

What is the role of the “whole” in Gestalt Psychology?

A

=> perception and cognition

99
Q

What is the principle of closure in Gestalt Psychology?

A

Tendency to perceive incomplete figures

100
Q

How does Gestalt Psychology approach visual perception?

A

visual perception as an active process where the brain organizes and interprets sensory information to form a coherent, whole image

101
Q

What is the significance of the Principle of Similarity?

A

objects = similar are perceived as more related than objects that are dissimilar

102
Q

How did Gestalt Psychology challenge earlier psychological approaches?

A

reductionist
=> Structuralism & Behaviorism

holistic view of mental processes

103
Q

What is the impact of Gestalt Psychology on modern cognitive and perceptual research?

A

visual perception, memory & cognitive problem-solving

=> pattern recognition & mental restructuring

104
Q

What are the main reasons to study the History of Psychology?

A

To gain perspective, a deeper understanding, recognize fads and fashions, avoid repeating mistakes, and satisfy curiosity about the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

HISTORY (1 decks)

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