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The Human Body (Biology) > Unit3_part1 > Flashcards

Unit3_part1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the two main divisions of the nervous system and what they are made of.

A
  • CNS (central nervous system): brain and spinal cord

- PNS (peripheral nervous system): Peripheral nerves

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2
Q

What is the difference between the afferent and efferent systems which divide the PNS?

A

The afferent system is made of afferent (sensory) neurons which are unipolar neurons that bring in information from the sensory receptors in the PNS to the CNS. On the other side, the efferent system is made up of efferent neurons which are multipolar neurons. The efferent system brings information from the CNS to the effector (skeletal muscle).

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3
Q

What is the difference between the two main divisions of the efferent system?

A

The two divisions are the somatic system and the autonomic system. The main difference between these two systems is that the somatic system causes voluntary responses. In fact, the responses are controlled by thinking. The effectors of this system are skeletal muscles (ex. biceps, triceps). On the other hand, the autonomic system causes involuntary, it cannot be controlled voluntarily. The effectors are smooth muscles and glands that cannot be controlled by thinking (ex. iris).

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4
Q

How are the two divisions of the autonomic systems antagonistic?

A

The sympathetic division is responsible for activating the fight or flight response while the parasympathetic division is responsible for bringing the body back to normal.

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5
Q

What criteria must be met for stimuli to be perceived?

A
  • The stimulus must exist.
  • The receptor must detect the stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse (sensory transduction).
  • The nerve impulse must be conducted to the CNS.
  • The nerve impulse must be interpreted by the brain (perception).
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6
Q

What are the steps of the perception of a stimulus?

A
  1. Stimuli is first sensed/detected by a receptor
  2. A nerve impulse (NI) is generated (sensory transduction)
  3. Information (NI) reaches the brain through sensory neurons
  4. Information is integrated (interpreted) by the brain
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7
Q

Can a stimulus be perceived by a person who’s sensory cortex is damaged and not functional? Explain your answer.

A

No.

For a stimulus to be perceived, some conditions are required. The stimulus must exist, it must be detected, sensory transduction must occur, nerve impulse must reach the brain, and the brain (sensory cortex) must integrate (interpreted) the information. If the sensory cortex is damaged, then the brain cannot interpret the information and the stimulus is not perceived.

For a stimulus to be detected, appropriate receptors are required, and they must be functional (assume normal human being). If receptors are functional, then yes, the stimulus may be detected. However, it will not be perceived. Perception involved detection and integration.

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8
Q

In a neuron, what is the direction that the information travels in? Does it always travel in this direction?

A

The information travels from the dendrites to the axon terminal. The information always travels in this direction.

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9
Q

What are the three types of sensory receptors? Give an example of each.

A
  • Free nerve: bare dendrites (ex. thermoreceptors)
  • Encapsulated: dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule (ex. Meisner corpuscle in skin)
  • Other cell: receptor cells that synapses another neuron (ex. hair cell in ear, gustatory receptor cell in taste buds, photoreceptors in eyes)
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10
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge.

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11
Q

True or false. Each type of receptor is highly sensitive to every type of stimulus.

A

False. Each type of receptor is highly sensitive to only one type of stimulus and unresponsive to normal intensities to other types of stimuli. However, extreme intensities may trigger a receptor.

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12
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

They are receptors that detect mechanical deformation, physical change or distortion in the cell membrane.

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13
Q

How do mechanoreceptors work?

A

When there is distortion, it changes the shape of the cell membrane. This will trigger some doors in the cell membrane to open or close. This means that ions can enter.

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14
Q

What are the different types of mechanoreceptors?

A
  • Touch receptors
  • Pressure receptors
  • Proprioceptors
  • Hair cells
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15
Q

What do touch and pressure receptors detect?

A

They detect touch, pressure and vibration

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16
Q

What do pressure receptors (baroreceptors) detect?

A

They detect blood pressure.

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17
Q

How are baroreceptors maintaining homeostasis? Describe the process of maintaining blood pressure.

A
  1. Baroreceptors detect changes in arterial pressure.
  2. Signals sent to the medulla of the brain stem
  3. Heart rate is adjusted
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18
Q

Is the regulation of blood pressure a negative or positive feedback loop? Explain why.

A

It is a negative feedback loop because it brings back the blood pressure to normal. If it becomes too high or too low, the baroreceptors will detect the change and the nervous system will adjust the heart rate.

19
Q

What division controls blood pressure regulation? Be specific for an increase and decrease as well.

A

Blood pressure is regulated by the autonomic division because it is not controlled voluntarily. Increasing blood pressure is controlled by sympathetic division and decreasing is controlled by the parasympathetic division.

20
Q

What are proprioceptors and why are they useful to you?

A

They are receptors that help you know where you are in space at a specific time. They help you with coordination because you can control your body by knowing where it is.

21
Q

What do proprioceptors detect?

A

They detect stretching and/or tension.

22
Q

Give two examples of proprioceptors and their function.

A
  • Muscle spindle detects muscle length.

- Golgi tendon organ detects muscle tension

23
Q

What do hair cells detect?

A

Hair cells detect vibrations or changes in position (movement).

24
Q

How do hair cells help you know where you are?

A

There are ducts in your ear that are full of liquid and hair cells. Depending on the direction you move, the ducts will move and hair cells will move to tell you in what direction you are moving. There is 1 duct for every movement possible (3 dimensions).

25
Q

How do hair cells help you hear?

A

Sound is a wave. When sound reaches your ear, it activates the eardrum that will vibrate according to the wave. Then, the liquid will start to shake within the cochlea and potassium will get in.

26
Q

What changes sound?

A

The amplitude and the height of the sound wave will change the sound.

27
Q

What type of neurons make up thermoreceptors?

A

Free nerve endings

28
Q

What do the thermoreceptors detect?

A

Thermoreceptors detect heat and cold (or the absence of heat).

29
Q

What are the two types of thermoreceptors and how do they work?

A

Warm receptors:

  • Respond to temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius
  • Impulse frequency increases with temperature
  • Temperatures above 45 degrees Celsius will trigger thermal pain receptors

Cold receptors:

  • Respond to temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius
  • At temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius, impulses cannot be generated (=numb)
  • If temperatures get too low, cold pain receptors can be activated
30
Q

Give two examples of ways you can mess up with your ducts.

A
  • Drinking alcohol sends mixed signals

- Going on a car or boat (motion sickness), feel like you are moving, but you are not.

31
Q

How can you trick your heat receptors?

A

By eating spicy food.

32
Q

How can you trick your cold receptors?

A

By eating menthol.

33
Q

What do the photoreceptors detect?

A

Photoreceptors detect light (vision)

34
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors and what are they involved in?

A
  • Rods: They detect light intensity, but not colours. They provide a level of gray vision.
  • Cones: They detect colours, but are not very good with low light intensity.
35
Q

What are the three types of cones?

A
  • blue
  • green
  • red

you can create all colours with these three cones.

36
Q

How is light detected?

A

Light hits the back of the eye and bounces back and then it is detected. The receptors detect light, then the bipolar neurons start integrating the information and then the information reaches the unipolar neurons. Together, the unipolar neurons form the optical nerve.

37
Q

Why are men more affected by colour blindness than women?

A

Men are more affected by colour blindness because the colour blindness gene is found on the X chromosome. Men have only one X chromosome; thus, if the X chromosome has the colour blindness gene the person will be colour blind. Women are less affected because they have two X chromosomes, so they both have to have the colour blindness gene for a woman to be colour blind.

38
Q

Why are there many types of colour blindness?

A

The different types of colour blindness depend on the types of cones that are not working.

39
Q

What to chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals.

40
Q

How can you taste that chips are salty?

A

The Na+ from the chips enters through a Na+ channel. The depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.. Then, the influx of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitter release.

41
Q

True or false. You smell something because there are molecules of this thing in the air.

A

True.

42
Q

What do nociceptors detect?

A

Nociceptors detect pain.

43
Q

Explain what makes a stimulus stronger/more painful.

A

The frequency of the nerve impulse makes a stimulus stronger because, despite an increase in the intensity of the stimulus, only the frequency of the nerve impulse is changed.

44
Q

When do nociceptors become active?

A

Nociceptors become active when stimuli become severe enough to cause damage.

The Human Body (Biology) (3 decks)

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