Unit3-1915-1941 Flashcards
1
Q
What happened after the first world war and why?
A
- The number of AA moving to the north increased dramatically
- This was because employment opportunities in the north had increased because there was a demand for more workers
- And partly because of the segregation, inequality and lack of franchise and lynching in the south, which caused AA to feel inferior
2
Q
How many AA served in WWI?
A
- Over 350,000
3
Q
Why was 1919 such a difficult year with tension?
A
- Because white soldiers returned home to find their jobs had been taken by many AA.
- This tension produced a brief period of social unrest , even including race riots in chicago 1919 where a teenage boy accidentally drifted off to a white only section of a beach and he was stoned and drowned
- Ghettos ( area that is occupied by one social or racial group) rapidly developed
- Housing agreements prevented blacks from moving outside the area where they first settled
- It seemed that unofficially segregation had moved to the north, as the chicago riots had persuaded the authorities to keep segregation as it was necessary for peace.
4
Q
How was life in the North for AA?
A
- AA found civil rights in the north very limited.
- Neighbourhood schools had become segregated de facto rather than de jure because of population patterns.
- Much less money was spent on education for black children and they rarely had the privilege to be taught by the most successful teachers
- There was severe discrimination in employment
- However there were some advantages such as lynching was not publically condoned and was less common, if blacks were registered to vote they could become jurors , trials were fairer and more open
- AA in North were victims of de facto rather than de jure, which led to a lack of confidence and bitterness among AA but quality of life was still better
5
Q
How did the movement north affect AA
A
- It increased black consciousness where AA became aware of their identity due to the way they were treated in society as inferior and this led to them investigating their racial roots
- In the 1920s a Jazz Age came around where there was an outpouring of Writers, Musicians and Poets from the black society
- People who discovered their talent were often from the poor places of Harlem so this movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance
- However Harlem began to portray the de facto and de jure segregation as the night clubs were owned and operated by whites and the only blacks allowed inside were the performers, prostitutes and kitchen hands
- black Middle Class emerged
6
Q
Who was Marcus Garvey?
A
- Born in Jamaica
- Advocated for Black Nationalism
- AA Leader
- Put forward the idea of black power
7
Q
What were Marcus Garvey’s ideas?
A
- Inspired by Booker T. Washington, he set up the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914 which aimed to unite all people of African descent and promote their economic and social independence.
- Wanted blacks to take control of their own affairs
- Believed a return to Africa was the only solution where AA would be free from the influence and control of colonial powers and he believed that blacks should concentrate on their own education and businesses and to have pride in their culture
8
Q
Why was Marcus Garvey successful?
A
- Made use of growing interests in black newspapers and made his own called the negro world
- he was also an effective and good public speaker who could get a hold of a crowd
9
Q
What were the strengths and weaknesses of Garveys movement?
A
- Strength - His idea of the black star line which was a shipping company that had the aim to facilitate trade between black communities globally particularly Africa and the Caribbean, was seen as a way to create economic opportunity and wealth for Black people, however it was short lived because of poor management and significant financial challenges
- Weakness - He lacked political strategy and seemed more concerned with fancy ventures such as on separatism and the establishment of a new society in Africa rather than addressing economic and social concerns of black people. He was also arrested in 1925 and imprisoned for mail fraud
10
Q
How did Marcus Garvey AA rights?
A
- Social - Promotion of black pride
- Economic - attempts for economic gains with black star line
- Policial - Influencing NOI and Malcolm X
11
Q
What was the situation like for AA in the 1920s?
A
- Many black southerners were too preoccupied with making a living rather than to be involved with civil rights movement
- AA saw segregation as a barrier to their learning
12
Q
What did the NAACP believe and what action did they take?
A
- That all races should live, work and be educated together
- Would take cases to federal courts to establish the equal rights of AA
- raised money to defend those accused of rioting
- One of its campaigns was for an anti lynching law, although it was unsuccessful it still led to greater awareness and a decline in it
13
Q
Why did the membership of AA decline in 1930s?
A
- Because it was ran by Middle class AA and whites and therefore did not relate to the deprived areas of AA
14
Q
What happened in the revival of the KKK?
A
- in 1915
- Organised by William Simmons
- Took over by Hiram Evans and the KKK widened its targets
- Had over 5 million members
- murdering victims by burning them
- ## by 1930 membership fell again to 30,000
15
Q
How did Presidency in 1920s and 1930s help AA civil rights?
A
- Harding, came to power in 1921 , claimed that the south had superior understanding of the problem
- Coolidge in 1923, had no effect
- Hoover, was also not in favour for AA civil rights
- Roosevelt issued the New Deal and his wife Eleanor was a huge supporter of AA civil rights
