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Higher Chemistry > Unit2 > Flashcards

Unit2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are alcohols produced

A

Fermentation

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2
Q

What is fermentation

A

Enzymes convert carbohydrates (glucose) into ethanol and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

To meet the market production, ethanol is made by…

A

The catalysed hydration of ethene

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4
Q

What makes a Primary alcohol

A

Two hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom, bonded to the oh hydroxyl functional group
(Exception is methanol )

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5
Q

A primary alcohol is equivalent to…

A

One alkane with one of its end hydrogens replaced by an hydroxyl functional group

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6
Q

Methanol and ethanol do not have…

A

Isomers that are alcohols

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7
Q

In a secondary alcohol…

A

Only one hydrogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl functional group

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8
Q

Define a tertiary alcohol

A

The carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl functional group has no hydrogen bonded to it

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9
Q

Carboxylic acids contain the functional group…

A

CooH

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10
Q

Carboxylic acids are formed

A

in the two stage mild oxidation of primary alcohols
Primary ➡️aldehyde➡️carboxylic acid
Ox Ox

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11
Q

Methanoic acid

A

Formic acid

HcooH

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12
Q

Ethanoic acid

A

Vinegar

CH3CooH

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13
Q

Propanoic acid

A

Ch3Ch2COOH

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14
Q

General formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n-1COOH

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15
Q

Hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric acids are all strong acids as they

A

completely disparate into their ions

HCl➡️H*+Cl-

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16
Q

Carboxylic acids are weak acids as they

A

Only partially dislocate into their ions

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17
Q

Carboxylic Acids react in a similar way as strong acids with the four bases which are…

A

MAZIT metals
Metal Oxides
Metal Carbides
Alkalies (metal hydroxides)

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18
Q

Propanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form….

A

Sodium propionate

A salt

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19
Q

Name a salt of carboxylic acids thar are used as preservatives in the food industry

A

Calcium phosphate stops growth of mold

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20
Q

Alcohol +carboxylic acid 🔁??!

A

Ester +water

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21
Q

All esters contain an ester link, what is this?

A

O
⏸
➖C➖O➖

OR

➖COO

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22
Q

Describe esterification

A

(Making esters)

The carboxylic acid functional group condenses with the alcohol functional group to produce an ester link plus water

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23
Q

During esterification concentrated sulphuric acid is used to supply…

A

H+ ions

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24
Q

Concentrated sulfuric acid increases the…

A

Easter yeild by removing water…

According to le chatliers…

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25
Q

Esterification of ethanol with propanoic acid produces…

A

Ethyl propanoate

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26
Q

The first part of an esters name is from the …

A

Alcohol used

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27
Q

The second part of an esters name is from the …

A

Carboxylic acid

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28
Q

When making an easter why do we use a water bath

A

Alcohol and ester are flammable (Alternitive to bunsen burner)

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29
Q

When making an easter why do we use concentrated sulfuric acid

A

Provide H*(aq) ions

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30
Q

When making an ester why do we use a wet paper towel

A

Acts as a condenser

Stops alcohol and ester evaporating away

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31
Q

How do we know we have an ester

A

An immansible layer of ester

Distinctive smell

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32
Q

What is the purpose of NaHCO3 (aq) solution

A

To neutralise acid and any exess carboxylic acid

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33
Q

Esters prepared from alcohols and carboxylic acids with the same no. Of carbons have the same molecular mass and are therefore…

A

Isomers

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34
Q

Name some uses of esters

A

Flavouring
Perfumes
Adhesives
Medical applications

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35
Q

Hydrolysation of an ester produces…

A

The original alcohol and carboxylic acid

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36
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the break down pf large molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of water

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37
Q

Hydrolysing an ester using an acid

A

Requires the ester to be heated under reflux using dilute H* (aq) ions

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38
Q

What is the draw back of hydrolysing an ester using an acid?

A

The acid catalysed hydrolysis is reversible resulting in a mixture of alcohol/ carboxylic acid/ ester and water

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39
Q

Hydrolysis of an ester can be achieved by hydrolysing an ester using

A

a strong alkali.

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40
Q

To achieve complete hydrolysis of an ester the ester has to be added to..

A

A strong alkali and heated under reflux for approximately 30 minutes

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41
Q

Why is limonene insoluble in water

A

Its non polar so Its a hydrocarbon

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42
Q

Why is furanol soluble in water

A

All its functional groups are polar so it is soluble

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43
Q

Why is vanillin soluble in water

A

All its functional groups are polar

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44
Q

Why is eugenol insoluble

A

As an aromatic ring and a hydrocarbon chain exert a greater effect on solubility
Despite the polar functional groups

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45
Q

Properties of capsaicin

A

Insoluble in cold water
Responsible for the hot chili taste of jalapeños
Drinking water doesn’t take away the hot chilli effect but drinking milk does

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46
Q

Why is asparagus cooked in oil or butter

A

The flavour molecules in asparagus are water soluble so steaming or boiling it is not recommended as flavour would b lost

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47
Q

Why is broccoli boiled

A

The flavour molecules are soluble in oil so should be steamed or boiled to retain flavour

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48
Q

Vitamins

A

Can be water or oil soluble.

Fruits and veg containing vitamin C loose vitamin C when cooked in water

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49
Q

What is an example of oxidation

A

Burning alcohols in oxygen

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50
Q

Alcohols can undergo milder oxidation where the products depend on

A

Whether the alcohol is primary, secondary or Tertiary

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51
Q

Mild oxidation of alcohol can be achieved with

A

Acidified potassium Dichromate (orange ➡️ blue green)
Tollens regent (colourless ➡️ silver)
Black copper (II) oxide
(Black➡️ reddy brown)
Tertiary alcohols are not oxidised by mild oxidising agents

52
Q

How does the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen indicate oxidation?

A

The oxygen ratio increases

53
Q

Tetiary alcohols cannot be oxidised by mild oxidising agents as…

A

The carbon bonded to the -OH hydroxyl functional group is not bonded to a hydrogen atom

54
Q

In a reaction of carbonyl compounds experiment what is the aim

A

To distinguish between the carbonyl compounds using benadicts solution, a mild oxidising agent

55
Q

In a reaction of carbonyl compounds experiment what is the result

A

Only aldehyde is oxidised by benadicts solution (colour change blue ➡️ red orange) to form the equivalent carboxylic acid which turns universal indicator solution orange in colour

56
Q

What is the formula for the colour change in benadicts solution

A

Cu^2*+2e-➡️Cu

57
Q

Primary alcohols

A

Hydroxyl group is attached to carbon with two hydrogens

Oxidised by mild oxidising agents ( acidified potassium dichromate, tollens regent, copper(II) oxide) to and aldehyde

58
Q

Secondary alcohols

A

Hydroxyl group is attached to carbon with one hydrogen
Oxidised by mild oxidising agents ( acidified potassium dichromate, tollens regent, copper(II) oxide) to ketone (a carboxyl compound)

59
Q

Tertiary alcohols

A

Hydroxyl group is attached to carbon with no hydrogen

Not Oxidised by mild oxidising agents

60
Q

Aldehyde

A 
O
    //
-C
     \
       H
Can be made into a carboxylic acid
      O
    //
-C
     \
       O-H
With benadicts solution
61
Q

Ketone

A

-C-
||
O

Carboxyl compound

62
Q

Fats are…and oils are

A

Liquids

63
Q

What are fats and oils made from

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

64
Q

What is the chemical name and structure of glycerol?

A 
H2c-o-H
          |
H-o-cH
         |
    H2c-o-H

Propan-1,2,3-trol

65
Q

Draw a fatty acid

A

O
//
~~~~~~C
\o-H

66
Q

Describe fatty acids

A

Straight chained carboxylic acids that can be saturated or unsaturated and contain an even amount of carbons ranging from C14 to C24

67
Q

Describe a fat or acid molecule

A

In fats and oils Esther links form between the -OH hydroxyl functional group and the -COOH carboxyl functional group and the fatty acids and a ratio of one glycerol molecule to three fatty acids
This molecule is known as a triglyceride molecule

68
Q

Fatty acids used to make triglyceride can…

A

All be the same or two the same and one different all or three can be different

69
Q

Fats are made from

A

Saturated fatty acid’s

70
Q

The hydrocarbon tales of fatty acids in fats are held together by…

A

London dispersion forces of attraction

71
Q

Why are fat solids

A

The saturated fat triglyceride molecules can pack more closely together then oil triglycerides
As a result the London dispersion forces of attraction between fat molecules are relatively strong so fat and relatively high melting points and are therefor solids at room temperature

72
Q

Why are oils liquids

A

The shape of the unsaturated triglycerides oil molecule does not permit these molecules to pack closely
Consequently the London dispersion forces of attraction between the oil molecules is much lower than that of the fat molecules and they are therefore liquids

73
Q

Low melting points of oils can be related to

A

Their are high degree of unsaturation ( c=c)

74
Q

Due to c=c oils will quickly de colourise

A

Bromine water

75
Q

How are vegetable oils hardened to make Margerine

A

Partial removal of unsaturation (C=C) by addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation) using a powdered nickle catalyst helps raise the melting point

76
Q

After the Margerine is made what becomes of the nickel catalyst

A

It is removed (recycled)

77
Q

Fats and oils are what in water?

A

Insoluble ie hydrophobic as they are non polar

78
Q

Is vitamin A polar?

A

No

79
Q

Is vitamin A polar?

A

Yes, subject to hydrogen bonding

80
Q

Soaps are produced by…

A

The alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils using sodium hydroxide (a strong alkali)
Producing the sodium salt of the fatty acid

81
Q

Describe a soap molecule

A

Hydrocarbon tail is non polar and hydrophobic

Head is iconic and hydrophilic

82
Q

How does soap clean

A

The nonpolar covalent hydrocarbon tail of the soap molecule bond to the non polar for greasy materials on fibres, skin or plates by London dispersion forces of attraction
That ionic head (-COO^-) of the soap molecule is attracted to the polar covalent water molecule by electrostatic forces of attraction

83
Q

Grease mixing with soapy water is an example of…

A

Emulsion

84
Q

What happens when soaps are used with hard water

A

Precipitate is formed instead of a soapy lather

This reduces the cleaning action of the sort and leaves a scum around the area of use

85
Q

Describe hard water

A

Contains Mg2- and/or Ca2+

86
Q

Describe the purpose of detergents and how they differ from soap

A

They have a soap like structure but do not form a precipitate when added to hard water

87
Q

What is the purpose of lecithin, an example of its use and how this occurs

A

Mayonnaise is an emultion formed by mixing Olive Oil vinegar (mostly water) and egg yolk
Lecithin in egg yolk acts as an emulsifier helping the olive oil and water to mix
Lecithin is a monoglyceride molecule

88
Q

Proteins are made of…

A

amino acids

89
Q

Describe essential amino acid’s

A

Cannot be synthesised by individual organisms therefore they must be present in an individual’s diet

90
Q

Describe the test for the presence of proteins using PHP paper

A

The protein plus soda lime is heated on a Bunsen burner in a test tube stopped with mineral wool
If amines or ammonia is present the paper will turn blue

91
Q

Describe the test for the presence of proteins using Reflux

A

Proteins are hydrolysed using 50% HCL and reflux for several hours. The change from a cloudy suspension (protein) to a clear solution (of hydrolysed amino acids) indicates this insoluble protein has been hydrolysed into a soluble amino acid’s

92
Q

How can you identify amino acids from hydrolysed proteins

A

Chromatography

93
Q

Nitrogen compounds are converted into…

A

Amino acids

94
Q

Amino acids contain the elements

A

Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

95
Q

What are the two functional groups of amino acids

A

Carboxyl groups

Amide group

96
Q

Proteins are…

A

Condensation polymers made from amino acid monomers

97
Q

Describe the hydrolysis of a protein

A

Breaks the C-N bond within the peptide link to produce an amide and a carboxylic acid

98
Q

What kind of structure do fibrous (muscle and connective) proteins have

A

Long fibre like structures

99
Q

If hydrogen bonding takes place between a peptide link of one fibrous protein and a peptide link of an adjacent fibrous protein….

A

A sheet like structure forms

100
Q

Why are fibrous proteins tough and insoluble

A

The considerable extent of hydrogen bonding that binds the fibrous protein molecules strongly together

101
Q

Give some examples of fibrous protein

A

Muscle, keratin in hair and nails, elastin in lungs and arteries

102
Q

If hydrogen bonding occurs between peptide links within the same fibrous protein…

A

Spiral or helix structure is formed

103
Q

Describe how a globular protein is formed

A

Within a helix the peptide links can hydrogen bond with other peptide links in the helix

104
Q

Why are globular protein soluble

A

Some of their polar peptide links are on the outside of the molecule

105
Q

What are the most common compounds found in essential oils

A

Terpenes

106
Q

What are terpenes based on

A

The isoprene unit

107
Q

What is the isoprene unit

A

2methylbuta-1,3-diene

C5H8

108
Q

All terpenes contain…

A

Isoprene units joined together

109
Q

Many terpenes found in nature have…

A

large molecules containing more than two isoprene units

110
Q

How do you know how many isoprene units are in a terpene

A

Count the number of carbon atoms and divide by five

111
Q

When terpenes are oxidised….

A

They form products that have different properties from the intended product and this alters their fragrance

112
Q

In tea tree oil the terpene known as alpha terpene is oxidised to p-cymene and ascandol.
These oxidised products…

A

Cause allergic reaction when in contact with skin

113
Q

Tea tree oil is sold in brown bottles and labled re seal after use with a sell by date, why?

A

To prevent photo oxidisation

114
Q

Ultra-violet radiation

A

Has sufficient energy to break certain covalent bonds
Causes chemical reactions to occur in skin that make vitamin D
Can give us a sun-tan and age our skin through sun-burn that is linked to cancer

115
Q

What describe the effect of sunscreen and sunblock

A

Prevents sunburn
By filtering (sunscreen) or blocking (sunblock) UV rays so that less reaches the skin
With sunblock containing titanium oxide that completely stops UV radiation
Free radical scavengers in sunscreen remove free radicals thus preventing chain reactions

116
Q

Describe the role of vitamin C in food and drink

A

An anti-oxident, free radical scavenger that is added to food and drink to slow the rate of oxidation

117
Q

Describe Free radical reactions in the context of Cl-Cl

A

Two chlorine atoms are bonded together by non-polar covalent bonds
When UV radiation is shone onto chlorine, the non-polar covalent bond is broken so forming two atoms
These are free radicals

118
Q

Describe free radicals in the context of Cl-Cl bonds

A

Neutral and highly reactive as they have an unpaired election

119
Q

Consider the reaction between Cl-Cl and H-H
It is a photochemical reaction
Cl2 and H2 react explosively when exposed to U.V radiation
What are the three stages in which the reaction occurs

A

Initiation
Propitiation
Termination

120
Q

Consider the reaction between Cl-Cl and H-H
It is a photochemical reaction
Cl2 and H2 react explosively when exposed to U.V radiation
Describe the initiation stage

A

U.v. Radiation breaks the Cl-Cl non-polar covalent bond to form two chlorine free radicals
H-H non-polar covalent bond is much stronger so U.V radiation does not break it

121
Q

Consider the reaction between Cl-Cl and H-H
It is a photochemical reaction
Cl2 and H2 react explosively when exposed to U.V radiation
Describe the propitiation stage

A

Highly reactive chlorine free radicals react with hydrogen
This produces a hydrogen free radical which reacts with a chlorine molecule producing a chlorine free radical and so on and so forth

122
Q

Consider the reaction between Cl-Cl and H-H
It is a photochemical reaction
Cl2 and H2 react explosively when exposed to U.V radiation
Describe the termination stage

A

Free radicals can react with free radicals to form stable molecules
At any point two free radicals can collide and form a stable molecule
Free radicals are required for the reaction to continue but, once they have all reacted to form stable molecules then the reaction stops

123
Q

Bromine water is quickly de colourised by the addition reaction with alkenes to form…

A

Bromoalkanes

124
Q

Decolorisation of bromine water occurs more slowly with…

A

Alkanes

125
Q

U.v radiation can cause free radicals to form in our skins that lead to…

A

Aging

126
Q

How do cosmetic creams work?

A

They contain free radical scavengers that form stable compounds with the free radicals in our skin so limiting free radical chain reactions that cause skin to wrinkle

127
Q

Describe how antioxidants work

A

An electron is transferred from the damaging free radical to the antioxidant which is converted into a stable free radical and the damaging free radical in neutralised

Higher Chemistry (4 decks)

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