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THESELF FIRST GRADING > UNIT1 LESSON1: PHILOSOPHY > Flashcards

UNIT1 LESSON1: PHILOSOPHY Flashcards

1
Q

He was a controversial figure in Athens because of his argumentative skill.

A

Socrates

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2
Q

Endless process of asking questions; abrasive in nature.

A

Socratic method of questioning

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3
Q

What is the philosophical statement of Socrates?

A

Know thyself.

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4
Q

The unexamined life is considered as not worth living, humans must strive to seek purpose and value.

A

Know thyself.

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5
Q

Definition of the self according to Socrates.

A

The self is an immortal soul which exists over time.

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6
Q

The source of all knowledge.

A

self

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7
Q

This is important when you want to know yourself. You must understand its essence.

A

Individual experience

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8
Q

What is the view of reality according to Socrates?

A

Reality is dualistic.

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9
Q

it is constantly changing, transient, and imperfect

A

Physical Realm

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10
Q

it is considered unchanging, eternal, and immortal

A

Ideal realm

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11
Q

He contributed original ideas on a wide range of issues such as morality, politics, metaphysics, and epistemology

A

Plato

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12
Q

What are the three part soul according to Plato

A

Reason, Physical Appetite, Spirit/Passion

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13
Q

it enables the individuals to thing deeply, make choices and achieve true understanding

A

Reason

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14
Q

this refers to basic biological needs such as thirst, hunger, and sexual desire

A

Physical Appetite

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15
Q

this refers to basic emotions like love, anger, aggressiveness, and empathy

A

Spirit/Passion

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16
Q

Genuine happiness can be achieved when ___ is in control of ___ & ___

A

Reason
Spirit
Appetite

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17
Q

T/F: the three part self may act in consonance or may act in conflict with each other

A

True

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18
Q

the soul is likened to a chariot drawn by two powerful winged horses

A

The Chariot Analogy

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19
Q

Symbolizes spirit in the chariot analogy

A

Noble horse

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20
Q

Symbolizes appetite in the chariot analogy

A

Wild horse

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21
Q

Symbolizes reason in the chariot analogy

A

Charioteer

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22
Q

A Roman philosopher who believes that the soul possesses superiority over the body.
Influences St. Augustine

A

Plotinus

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23
Q

St. Augustine definition of the self

A

The body is an immortal soul which exists over time.

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24
Q

St. Augustine’s 4 statements about the body and soul

A
  1. The body as a slave to the soul
  2. The soul makes war with the body
  3. The body as the spouse of the soul which both attached to one another by a natural appetite
  4. The body is united with the soul so that man maybe entire and complete.
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25
Q

What is a virtuous life for St. Augustine

A

Live in love

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26
Q

all sins are the result of turning away from

A

love and God

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27
Q

Plato’s vision of immortal souls striving to achieve union with the eternal realm through INTELLECTUAL ENLIGHTENMENT became transformed by Augustine into

A

IMMORTAL SOULS STRIVING TO ACHIEVE UNION WITH GOD

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28
Q

Founder of Modern Philosophy; a rationalist who emphasized that thinking must follow a logical and rational process

A

Descartes

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29
Q

Philosophical statement of Descartes

A

Cogito Ergo Sum “I think therefore I am”

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30
Q

T/F: Performing mental operations was not essential to being a human self

A

False

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31
Q

Definition of the self according to Descartes

A

The self is a thinking thing, distinct from the body

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32
Q

Dualistic View of the Self

A

Thinking self (soul) & Physical body

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33
Q

non material, immortal, conscious being and independent of the physical laws of the universe.

A

thinking self (soul)

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34
Q

is part of the spiritual realm governed by the laws of reason and God’s will.

A

conscious self

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35
Q

a material, mortal, non-thinking entity governed by the physical laws of nature.

A

physical body

36
Q

Reasoning ability provides the origin of knowledge

A

Rationalist View

37
Q
  • the view that reason is the primary source of all knowledge and that only our reasoning abilities can enable us to understand sense experience and reach accurate conclusions.
A

Rationalism

38
Q

His background as a physician influenced his beliefs about the nature of the self

A

John Locke

39
Q

definition of the self by John Locke

A

Personal identity is made possible by self- consciousness

40
Q

is based on the careful observation of sense experience/ or memories of previous experiences.

A

knowledge

41
Q

is a vital element in making meaning out of the sense experience of a person.

A

reason

42
Q

all knowledge originates in our direct SENSE EXPERIENCE

A

empiricist view

43
Q

the view that sense experience is the primary source of all knowledge and that only a careful attention to sense experience can enable us to understand the world and achieve accurate conclusions.

A

empiricism

44
Q

LOCKE’S CONCLUSION ON EXAMINING ONE’S EXPERIENCES

A
  1. To discover personal identity, one must establish how it is to be a person
  2. A person is a thinking, reflecting and analyzing being
  3. A person is the same thing in different times and places
  4. Consciousness is accompanied by thinking
  5. Consciousness makes it possible to exhibit the same identity in different times and places
45
Q

the keys to understanding the self

A

conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences

46
Q

He was a controversial figure because of his skeptical examinations of religion, ethics and history during the 18th century

A

David Hume

47
Q

Philosophical statement of David Hume

A

There is no self!

48
Q

Definition of the self by David Hume

A

There is no self, only a bundle of constantly changing perceptions passing through the theatre of our minds.

49
Q

Two distinct entities

A

Impressions, Ideas

50
Q

the basic sensations of our experience, the elemental data of our minds: pain, pleasure, heat, cold, happiness, grief, fear etc. These impressions are “lively” and “vivid”.

A

impressions

51
Q
  • ideas are copies of impressions, they are less “lively” and “vivid”. Ideas include thoughts and images that are built up from our primary impressions through a variety of relationships.
A

Ideas

52
Q

is a kind of theatre where several perceptions successively make their
appearance

A

the mind

53
Q

A German philosopher who wrote his books while dressed in a bathrobe and slippers.

A

Immanuel Kant

54
Q

Philosophical statement of Immanuel Kant

A

We construct the self.

55
Q

The definition of the self according to Immanuel Kant

A

The self is a unifying subject, an organizing consciousness that makes intelligible experience possible.

56
Q

T/F: Hume argued that when we perceive objects, we encounter mental states that appear to be composed of bits and pieces and are organized meaningfully.

A

False

57
Q

was described as exhibiting the following characteristics: intelligence, self confidence, desire for achievement and fame

A

Sigmund Freud

58
Q

Freud’s parental experiences influenced his development of the concept of

A

Oedipus Complex

59
Q

definition of the self according to Sigmund Freud

A

The self is multi-layered

60
Q

Three layers of the self

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
61
Q

it is present at birth, entirely unconscious, includes all innate instincts.

A

Id

62
Q

motivation of id

A

pleasure principle

63
Q
  • It begins to develop out of the ID at about 6to8 months. It operates in accordance with the logical and self-preservative secondary process.
A

ego

64
Q

motivation of ego

A

reality principle

65
Q

examples of defense mechanism that tries to keep the id under control

A

repression, denial, rationalization, displacement

66
Q

it begins to develop out of the ego at about age 3to5 years. It is partly conscious and unconscious. It includes standards or RIGHT and WRONG.

A

superego

67
Q

this motivates the superego

A

morality principle

68
Q

theory of Freud

A

The Iceberg Theory

69
Q

Analytic philosopher who analysed language to solve philosophical puzzles

A

Gilbert Ryle

70
Q

definition of the self by gilbert ryle

A

The self is the way people behave

71
Q

T/F: What the body wills, it is the mind that executes it.

A

False

72
Q

In defining the self, it is necessary to focus on ___________ because these
are concrete evidences of how the minds works and functions.

A

Observable behavior

73
Q

A contemporary American Philosopher and professor at the University of California.

A

Paul Churchland

74
Q

Definition of the self by Churchland

A

The self is the brain

75
Q

• ____ states will be superseded by the brain states

A

Mental

76
Q

___ states (health of our bodies, the food we ingest, the experiences we endure) have an impact on our mental and emotional functioning.

A

Physical

77
Q

_____ states likewise impact on our physical conditions (ex. stress, depression, psychosomatic disorder)

A

emotional and mental

78
Q

To understand the nature of the mind, we have to fully understand the _________

A

nature of the brain

79
Q

GOAL OF BRAIN/SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

A

Link the self to the physical wiring and physiological functioning of the brain

80
Q

developing a new vocabulary and conceptual framework that is grounded in neuroscience

A

Eliminative Materialism

81
Q

French philosopher who was influenced by Husserl; He worked in the Army as an officer and was eventually appointed as a Philosophy professor at the University of Lyon

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

82
Q

Definition of the self by Merleau-Ponty

A

The self is embodied subjectivity.

83
Q

entity that can never be objectified or known in a completely objective sort of way

A

I live in my body

84
Q

is a natural synthesis of mind and biology and separating them would be nonsensical and artificial.

A

the living body

85
Q

is a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring our conscious ideas and physical behavior

A

consciousness

86
Q

was the source of knowledge and has to be studied before the conventional sciences

A

perception

THESELF FIRST GRADING (2 decks)

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