UNIT1

Question 1

What is community?

Answer 1

Is a group of people in a defined geographically area with similar goals and objects and the potential to interact with eachother

Question 2

Name 8 elements of Primary Health Care

Answer 2

▪ The promotion of adequate nutrition
▪ The promotion of an adequate supply of safe water
▪ Provision of basic sanitation
▪ Maternal and child care and family planning services
▪ Immunization against major infectious diseases
 The prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
 Education with regard to health problems including methods of prevention and
control
 Appropriate treatment for common diseases and injury

Question 3

Name the elements of PHC in Namibia

Answer 3

Education about prevailing health problems and methods of preventing and
controlling them
 Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
 Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
 Maternal and child health care services including family planning and care of high
risk groups
 Immunization against major infectious diseases
 Prevention and control of local endemic diseases
 Appropriate treatment for common diseases and injuries
 Provision of essential drugs
 Mental Health
 Oral health care / dental health care

Question 4

What is the goal of Public Health Care?

Answer 4

Health for all

Question 5

State five components required to achieve PHC goals.

Answer 5

▪︎Resources
▪ Personnel
▪ Health services
▪︎Finances
▪︎Function and role of health research

Question 6

State 10 principles of PHC

Answer 6

Accessibility
▪ Acceptability
▪ Affordability
▪ Availability
▪ Equity
▪ Efficient
▪ Effectiveness
▪ Community participation
▪ Appropriate technology
▪ Preventative – promotive principle
▪ Decentralization

Question 7

Discuss Accesibility

Answer 7

is referred to as:
➢ the continuing and organized supply of an equitable level of health care that is within each reach of all citizens geographically , functionally, financially and culturally.

Question 8

Discuss Acceptability

Answer 8

Level of health or health care that is acceptable/suitable to the health care provider and the health care consumer in terms of local needs and constraints

Question 9

Discuss Equity

Answer 9

Equal access to health care according to needs

➢ No differences should be made on the grounds of gender, age, occupation, colour or language group.

Question 10

Discuss Equity

Answer 10

Equal access to health care according to needs

➢ No differences should be made on the grounds of gender, age, occupation, colour or language group.

Question 11

Discuss Efficiency

Answer 11

Health professionals and patients must accept that medicine is not always necessary
in the management of a health problem.

Question 12

Discuss effectiveness

Answer 12

Appropriate qualified professional should render health services.

Resources should not be misused

Question 13

Discuss community Participation

Answer 13

Enabling individuals and communities to become more involved and responsible
for their own health through adequate communication, education and development
➢ Actively involving all key role players on a wide consultative basis when decisions have to be made
➢ Promoting self-help scheme in the health planning process

Question 14

Discuss community Participation

Answer 14

Enabling individuals and communities to become more involved and responsible
for their own health through adequate communication, education and development
➢ Actively involving all key role players on a wide consultative basis when decisions
have to be made
➢ Promoting self-help scheme in the health planning process

Question 15

Discuss Appropriate technology

Answer 15

Refers to both equipment and material, and also includes skilled personnel
➢ The following should be considered when planning:
✓ Needs, demands, and constraints in an area
✓ Both capital and recurrent costs
✓ Costs of maintaining and replacing buildings, equipments, and materials at local
level
✓ Acceptability of the resources to the community and health care providers

Question 16

Discuss preventable promotive principles

Answer 16

Currently emphasis is placed on promoting good health and preventing ill health
➢ This principle is applied at primary, secondary and tertiary level
planning, the health planning team would need to make provision for:
✓ Appropriate referral systems
✓ A relationship of partners between government and the private sectors
✓ Adequate support system
✓ Education and developmental programmes

Question 17

Discuss Decentralization

Answer 17

➢ To accommodate this principle, provision should be made for:
✓ Consultation at operational level
✓ The involvement of all the major players on a regular basis at health planning
meetings
✓ Adequate communication systems with regular feedback mechanisms between all the major role players

Question 18

Discuss Affordabilty

Answer 18

Health carlevels that both the community and health care providers can afford.

Question 19

Discuss Availabilty

Answer 19

Implies that services should not only be comprehensive but also open at the time in which the service is needed

Question 20

What is Public Health Care

Answer 20

Its an essential health care based on practical,scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation at the cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit odlf self reliance and self determination.

Question 21

State the element s PHC

Answer 21

1.Education
2.Drug Availability
3.Treatment
4.Prevention of endemic diseases
5.Water and sanitation
6.Nutrition
7.Maternal and child health
8.Immunization

Question 22

What is community entry?

Answer 22

▪ It is the process of entering the community spaces intending to meet people where
community members are most comfortable
Or
▪ It refers to the process, principles and technique of community mobilization and participation.

Question 23

What are the obstacles to accesing health care in Namibia?

Answer 23

1.Distance
2.Roads
3.Poverty
4.Delays at healthcare facilities
5.Neglicence
6.There is only two cardiac threatre in the capital city(whindhoek) at Central Hospital and Roman catholic hospitals.
5.Certain services such as organ transplantation is only offered at private medical centers.
6.Dialysis is only available at windhoek central hospital
7.The country has a shortage of health care workers.

Question 24

What are the ways to approach the community members?

Answer 24

●Third Party
●Outreach activities
●Community events
●Door to door neighbourhood approach

Question 25

Who are the contact person in the community?

Answer 25

*Youth Leader
*Religious leader
*Traditional birth attendents

Question 26

State the advantages of a contact person.

Answer 26

*They are good organizers
*Their presence helps people see issues as important.
*Trusted by their people.
*They are credible

Question 27

What are the skills required for a contact person?

Answer 27

*Maintain good eye contact
*Listen to both sides
*Show interest
*Be empathetic
*Encourage others to listen

Question 28

What are the attitudes required for a contact person?

Answer 28

*Patience
*Tolerence
*Humility
*Good listening skills
*Respect for others

Question 29

What is Intersectoral Colaboration?

Answer 29

It’s an action were hath care sectors and other relevant sectors collaborate on the achievement of common goals,with the contributions of the different sectors being closely monitored.

Question 30

Elaborate on the importance of Intersectoral colaboration.

Answer 30

●It avoids duplication of activities.
●Objectives can be achieved easily.
●Resources can be used effectively and effeciently.
●Skils can be utalized maximally and programs can be longer.
●Awareness is created on a broader scale and development is enhanced .
●Promotrs unity and harmony amogsnt different sectors.

Question 31

State the factors that hinder Intersectoral colaboration

Answer 31

●Lack of structures for coodinating among different sectors.
●Lack of descentralization.
●Pooor resource allocation and management.
●Duplicating roles and responsibilities.
●Poor example as role-model from national and central level.
●Lack of shared understanding of PHC/CBHC among policy makers.

Question 32

Explain the historical origin of PHC.

Answer 32

■In the 1970’s there was a worldwide belief that health care services were too expecise and not all the poor people in all countries.

■As a result the USSR goverment hosted an international conference ion PHC in Alma Ata in September 1978.

■The conference was organized by WHO and UNICEF.

■ The conference was attended by 143 countries and 67 organizations

■The PHC was accepted by mothers of the WHO as the key to achieve the goal of health for all .

●The Alma-Ata declaration emphasizes that everyone should have access to health care and everyone should be involved in it.

Question 33

State the proces of community entry.

Answer 33

1.Preparation before entry
2.Identifying leadership
3.Follow protocol
4.Process

Question 34

Elaborate on the process of community entry

Answer 34

1.Preparation before entry
*Identify the community by gathering information through formal and informal means

*Reading from available literature

*Talking to knowledgeable people
Informal sources such as market places, drinking bars, funerals, and festive occasions.

2.Identify leadership
*Recognize the position and roles of the community leaders – for support and co-operation

*Schedule meeting with the community leaders example headman, counselor.

3.Follow the protocol
*Meet the community leader first and discuss your mission.

4.Process
*Knock and enter upon response

*First greet the community leader and then tge others present

*Introduce yourself

*Brief them about your mission

*Ask for their permission

*Thank them for their time and cooperation