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Guyton - unit questions EW > Unit XIII (68-74) - Metabolism and Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Unit XIII (68-74) - Metabolism and Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is present in all cells.

True or False

A

True

Guyton Pg 853

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2
Q

Which of the following constitutes 80% of the products of carbohydrate digestion in the GIT?

A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Galactose
D. Xylose

A

A. Glucose

Guyton Pg 854

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3
Q

Which of the following enzymes breaks up glucose-6-phosphate into glucose and phosphate?

A. Phosphorylase
B. Glucose phosphatase
C. Glucokinase
D. Hexokinase

A

B. Glucose phosphatase

Guyton Pg 854

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4
Q

By what mechanism does glucose get transported into the cytoplasm of the cell?

A. Pores
B. Endocytosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Pinocytosis

A

C. Facilitated diffusion by binding properties of membrane glucose carrier protein

Guyton Pg 854

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5
Q

Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on promoting facilitated diffusion of glucose?

A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Estrogen
D. Thyroxine (T4)

A

B. Insulin

Guyton Pg 855

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6
Q

In the liver, which of the following enzymes catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

A. Glucose phosphatase
B. Hexokinase
C. Glucokinase
D. Phosphorylase

A

C. Glucokinase; Hexokinase catalyzes the same reaction but in most OTHER cells vs the liver.

Guyton Pg 855

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7
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the largest quantities?

A. Liver and kidneys
B. Liver and lung
C. Muscle and kidneys
D. Liver and muscle

A

D. Liver and muscle

Guyton Pg 855

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8
Q

The phosphorylation of glucose is reversible in which of the following cells (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)?

A. Hepatocytes
B. Renal tubular epithelial cells
C. Intestinal epithelial cells
D. Cardiac myocytes

A

A, B, and C. Hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells, and intestinal epithelial cells. Glucose phosphatase is available and when activated can reverse the reaction.

Guyton Pg 855

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9
Q

Which of the following is the correct pathway of glycogenesis?

A. Glucose-6-phosphate –> Glucose-1-phosphate –> Uridine diphosphate glucose –> Glycogen
B. Glucose-6-phosphate –> Uridine diphosphate glucose –> Glucose-1-phosphate –> Glycogen
C. Glucose-1-phosphate –> Glucose-6-phosphate –> Uridine diphosphate glucose –> Glycogen
D. Glucose-1-phosphate –> Uridine diphosphate glucose –> Glucose-6-phosphate –> Glycogen

A

A. Glucose-6-phosphate –> Glucose-1-phosphate –> Uridine diphosphate glucose –> Glycogen

Guyton Pg 855

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10
Q

During rest, the enzyme phosphorylase is

A. Active
B. Inactive

A

B. Inactive because phosphorylase phosphorylates glycogen to break it down into glucose for energy (energy is not needed during rest, this promotes storage of glycogen).

Guyton Pg 856

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11
Q 
Which of the following pyrogens acts directly on the hypothalamus?
A.	LPS from bacterial wall
B.	IL – 1
C.	Bacterial endotoxins
D.	Prostaglandin E2
A

Answer: B
Ref: Guyton P. 920

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12
Q 
Which of the following can cause a decrease in basal metabolic rate? 
A.	Fever
B.	Malnutrition
C.	Growth hormone
D.	Testosterone
A

Answer: B
Ref: Guyton P. 908

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13
Q

Which one of the following tissues primarily has GLUT 4?

a. Erythrocytes
b. Skeletal muscle
c. Endothelial cells of the blood-brian-barrer
d. Beta-cells of the pancreas

A

Correct: B Skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Which one of the following is insulin dependent?

a. GLUT 1
b. GLUT 2
c. GLUT 3
d. GLUT 4

A

Correct: D GLUT 4

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15
Q

Which of the lipoproteins transports triglycerides mainly to adipose tissue?

a. VLDL
b. HDL
c. LDL
d. VHDL

A

Correct: A VLDL

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16
Q

Which of the following lipoproteins is protective against atherosclerosis?

a. VLDL
b. HDL
c. LDL
d. VHDL

A

Correct: B HDL

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17
Q

Which of the following lipoproteins transports triglycerides from the liver to various tissues in the body?

a. VLDL
b. HDL
c. LDL
d. VHDL

A

Correct: C LDL

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18
Q

Are fatty acids generally found bound to albumin or free in the blood?

a. bound
b. free

A

Correct: A Bound

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19
Q

What is the alternative pathway (to the glycolytic pathway) in the formation of fatty acids?

a. B-oxidation
b. Kreb’s cycle
c. Glycolysis
d. Pentose phosphate pathway

A

Correct: D Pentose phosphate pathway

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20
Q

How many moles of ATP are formed from a triglyceride molecule?

a. 8
b. 18
c. 28
d. 38

A

Correct: B 18 from fat

Reminder: 38 from carbs

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21
Q

Ketoacidosis is a result of a deficiency in which one of the following? (The deficiency limits entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle.)

a. Oxaloacetate
b. Citrate
c. Succinate
d. Fumarate

A

Correct: A Oxaloacetate

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22
Q

Name the triglycertide-rich lipoprotein that is synthesized by the liver?

a. VLDL
b. HDL
c. LDL
d. VHDL

A

Correct: A VLDL

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23
Q

Name the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.

a. HMG-CoA reductase
b. HMG-CoA synthase
c. Famesyl diphosphate synthase
d. Lanosterol synthase

A

Correct: A HMG-CoA reductase

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24
Q

HDL returns cholesterol to the liver in a pathway known as ________?

a. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
b. Exogenous pathway
c. Reverse cholesterol transport
d. Endogenous pathway

A

Correct: C Reverse cholesterol transport

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25
Q

What is the mechanism used by cell to take up LDL cholesterol from the circulation?

a. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
b. Exogenous pathway
c. Reverse cholesterol transport
d. Endogenous pathway

A

Correct: A Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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26
Q

What protein is required for receptor-mediated endocytosis that allows LDL uptake from the circulation?

a. VLDL receptor
b. HDL receptor
c. LDL receptor
d. VHDL receptor

A

Correct: C LDL receptor

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27
Q

Which one of the following proteins is integral to buffering the blood?

a. albumin
b. IgG
c. hepsidin
d. IgM

A

Correct: A albumin

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28
Q

Which of the following organs primarily stores proteins?

a. Kidneys
b. Liver
c. Heart
d. Brain

A

Correct: B Liver

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29
Q

Which of the following enzymes initiates deaminiation of proteins?

a. Glutamate dehydrogenase
b. Aminotransferase
c. Dehydrogenase
d. Isomerase

A

Correct: B Aminotransferase

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30
Q

Which of the following hormones promotes fat synthesis by stimulating lipoprotein lipase?

a. Glucocorticoids
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Thyroid hormone

A

Correct: B Insulin

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31
Q

Which of the following hormones decreases liver glycogenolysis?

a. Glucagon
b. Epinepherine
c. Glucocorticoids
d. Growth hormone

A

Correct: C Glucocorticoids

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32
Q

Which one of the following hormones decreases liver gluconeogenesis?

a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Epinephrine
d. Glucocorticoids

A

Correct: A Insulin

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33
Q

Which one of the following hormones decreases protein synthesis?

a. Insulin
b. Glucocorticoids
c. Thyroid hormone
d. Growth hormone

A

Correct: B Glucocorticoids

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34
Q

What is the most abundant store of high-energy phosphate bonds in the cells

a. ATP
b. Phosphocreatine
c. Glucose-6-Phosphate
d. Phosphofructokinase

A

Answer: B (Guyton Ch 73)

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35
Q

Which mechanism of heat loss is the most important at high temperatures?

a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Evaporation
d. Radiation

A

Answer: C (Guyton Ch 74)

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36
Q

Which tissue is especially susceptible to damage by hyperpyrexia ?

a) liver
b) brain
c) kidneys
d) red blood cells

A

Answer : b; Guyton (12th edition), p. 876-877

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37
Q

Which of the following best describes nonshivering thermogenesis in response to cold stress ?

a) Sympathetic stimulation of muscle → production of a large amounts of heat and ATP
b) Sympathetic stimulation of brown fat → production of a large amounts of heat and ATP
c) Sympathetic stimulation of white fat → production of a large amount of heat but almost no ATP
d) Sympathetic stimulation of brown fat → production of a large amount of heat but almost no ATP

A

Answer : d; Guyton (12th edition), p. 865

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38
Q

What is the rate limiting factor of energy release in resting conditions?

a. ADP
b. ATP
c. GDP
d. GTP

A

Answer: A

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39
Q

Which of the following does not increase metabolic rate?

a. Fever
b. Thyroid hormone
c. Sleep
d. Growth hormone
e. Appropriate nutrition

A

Answer: C

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40
Q

When ambient temperature becomes greater than the temperature of skin, what type of cooling is utilized and effective?

a. Convection
b. Conduction
c. Radiation
d. Evaporation

A

Answer: D

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41
Q

Where is the panting center in dogs that becomes activated when they overheat?

a. Temperature regulating centers in the hypothalamus
b. Pneumotaxic center in the pons
c. Somatosensory neurons
d. Primary motor center in the posterior hypothalamus

A

Answer: B

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42
Q

When a mammal is cold, the hypothalamus causes all of the following except which mechanism for maintaining body temperature?

a. Non-shivering thermoregulation
b. Shivering
c. Vasoconstriction
d. All of these are methods of maintaining core body temperature

A

Answer: D

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43
Q

What factors contribute to heat stroke in dogs?

a. As body heat rises, the metabolic rate decreases
b. Evaporation does not remain an effective method of heat loss
c. Since cell function continues appropriately, there is continued heat production from metabolism
d. Humidity levels remain static despite panting

A

Answer: B

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44
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the biologic function of phosphocreatinine?

a. A backup energy source that can be used instead of ATP to power cellular metabolism
b. A transfer molecule carrying high energy electrons to the electron transport chain
c. An energy buffer allowing quick restoration of intracellular ATP pools
d. An alternative energy source used for energetically demanding reactions only due to the presence of a phosphate bond that can release more energy than ATP

A

Answer c (Guyton 904)

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45
Q

Which of the following are pyrogenic?

a. IL-1
b. IL-2
c. IL-10
d. TGFB

A

Answer a (Guyton 920)

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46
Q

By which method is heat transferred from deep tissues to the skin?

a. Convection
b. Radiation
c. Conduction
d. evaporation

A

Answer: Convection

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47
Q

An increase in this endogenous product results in an increase in the hypothalamic temperature set point in the face of a fever

a. Prostaglandin E2
b. IL-6
c. IL-1
d. TNFa

A

Answer: PGE2

48
Q

Which of the following species does not have a carotid rete for thermoregulation?

a. Dogs
b. Cats
c. Horses
d. Cattle

A

Answer: C Horses; Cunningham pg 562

49
Q

In most species sweating is under the control of
A] Sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers
B] Sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibers
C] Parasympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers
D] Adrenal medulla

A

Answer: B Cunningham Chapter 53, pg 563

50
Q

When substrate concentrations become low, the rate of metabolic reactions depend upon

A] Substrate concentration
B] Enzyme concentration
C] Both of the above
D] None of the above

A

Answer: C Guyton and Hall Chapter 73

51
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the carotid rete found in sheep and other ungulates?
A. The carotid artery takes a tortuous path to the brain and thus heat dissipates as it travels. By the time the blood reaches the brain, it has cooled sufficiently.
B. The carotid rete is a countercurrent mechanism between the jugular vein and carotid artery. The artery loses heat to the vein as blood flows in opposite directions.
C. The carotid artery forms a complex network of vessels that is bathed in a sinus of arterial blood that supplies the nasal cavity. The arterial blood is therefore colder due to exposure to the environment of the nasal cavities, thus the arterial blood transfers and loses heat to the cooler sinuses and the blood delivered to the brain is cooled prior to entering the brain.
D. The carotid artery forms a complex network of vessels that is bathed in a sinus of venous blood that has drained the nasal cavity. The venous blood is therefore colder than the arterial blood, thus the arterial blood transfers and loses heat to the cooler veins and the blood delivered to the brain is cooled prior to entering the brain.

A

Correct Answer: D

Ref: Cunningham, pg. 561-562

52
Q

Which molecule is considered a reserve of energy and forms when excess ATP is present in the body?

a. Creatine Kinase
b. Phosphocreatine
c. Guanine Triphosphate
d. Adenosine Monophosphate

A

Correct Answer: B

Ref: Guyton pg. #904

53
Q

Which of the following cytokines is considered most important in the development of fever?

a. IL-1
b. IL-2
c. IL-6
d. IL-13

A

Answer: A

54
Q

In most species (except horses), sweating is controlled by which type of nerve fibers?

a. sympathetic adrenergic
b. sympathetic cholinergic
c. parasympathetic adrenergic
d. parasympathetic cholinergic

A

Answer: B

55
Q

The most abundant store of high-energy phosphate bonds in the body is normally:

A. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
B. Phosphocreatine
C. Phosphofructokinase
D. Glycogen

A

ANSWER: B (Guyton Ch 73)

56
Q 
The following hormone plays a crucial role in acclimization to heat:
A. Thyroid hormone
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Angiotensin II
D. Aldosterone
A

ANSWER: D (Guyton Ch 74)

57
Q

Which of the following will decrease the body’s metabolic rate?

a. Increased temperature
b. Increased thyroid hormone
c. Prolonged malnutrition
d. Increased growth hormone
A

Answer: C.
Reference: Guyton Ch. 73 Pg. 908

58
Q

What is the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat when the temperature of the surroundings is greater than the skin temperature itself?

a. Radiation
b. Convection
c. Conduction
d. Evaporation
A

Answer: D.
Reference: Guyton Ch. 74 Pg. 913

59
Q

Which of the following is mainly a PHYSIOLOGIC mechanism to increase body temperature?

a) Decreased thyroid releasing hormone secretion from the hypothalamus
b) Increased neural release of norepinephrine
c) Release of IL-1 from macrophages
d) Increased ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation

A

Answer: B (Chu). C) this is a pathologic cause that is usually induced by bacteria.
Source: Guyton Ch. 73 p. 909 and Ch. 74 p. 911

60
Q

Which of the following is the most important mechanism to decrease core body temperature when the ambient temperature is higher than body temperature?

a) Radiation
b) Convection
c) Conduction
d) Evaporation

A

Answer: D (Chu); Source: Guyton Ch. 74 p. 913

61
Q 
Which of the following decreases metabolic rate?
A.	Male sex hormone
B.	Thyroid hormone
C.	Growth hormone
D.	Fever
E.	Sleep
A

Correct answer: E.

Ref: Guyton, Ch.73 pg. 908

62
Q 
Which of the following constitutes the primary mechanism of heat loss from the body?
A.	Conduction to air
B.	Conduction to objects
C.	Convection
D.	Evaporation
E.	Radiation of heat waves
A

Correct answer: E.

Ref: Guyton, Ch. 74 pg. 913 (Figure 74-4)

63
Q 
Which of the following do not increase the metabolic rate?
A.	Growth Hormone
B.	Testosterone
C.	Thyroid Hormone
D.	Malnutrition
A

Answer: D

64
Q 
Which of the following neurotransmitters is not stimulatory to sweat glands?
A.	Epinephrine
B.	Norepinephrine
C.	Dopamine
D.	Acetylcholine
A

Answer: C

65
Q 
Which anatomical area has more heat-sensitive neurons than cold-sensitive neurons?
A.	Anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area
B.	The skin
C.	Abdominal viscera
D.	The spinal cord
A

Answer: A

66
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Adenine
Ribose
3 x phosphate radicals

67
Q

What are the final products of CHO metabolism? Which is present in the largest quantity?

A

Glucose - 80%
Fructose
Galactose

68
Q

What happens to fructose and galactose following absorption from the GIT?

A

Mostly converted to glucose in the liver

69
Q

How is the liver able to convert other monosaccharides into glucose?

A

Large quantity glucose-6-phosphatase

70
Q

How is glucose transported into cells in the a) GIT, b) kidneys, c) peripheral tissues

A

A and B - sodium glucose co-transport
C - facilitated diffusion

71
Q

What happens to glucose following entry into a cell? What enzyme is involved? How does the process differ in the liver/kidneys?

A

Phosphorylated by hexokinase (glucokinase in liver)
Reversible in liver (not in other cells) - liver cells have glucose phosphatase

72
Q

Describe glycogenesis

A

Glucose ==> glucose-6-phosphate ==> glucose-1-phosphate ==>uridine diphosphate glucose ==> glycogen

73
Q

Describe glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen ==> glucose-1-phosphate ==> glucose-6-phosphate ==> glucose

74
Q

In glycolysis, which enzyme is responsible for converting glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate?

A

Phosphorylase

75
Q

How is phosphorylase activated?

A

Epinepherine
Glucagon

Both promote cAMP production

76
Q

Where is glucagon released?

A

Alpha cells of pancreas

77
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

Glucose ==> 2x pyretic acid

78
Q

What are the net ingredients and products of glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P ==> 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 4H

79
Q

What happens to the pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis? What else is formed in this reaction?

A

Concerted to acetyl-CoA
2 pyruvic acid + 2 CoA ==> 2 acetyl-CoA + 2CO2 + 4H

80
Q

What happens following acetyl-CoA formation? Where does this reaction take place?

A

Acetyl degraded to CO2 and H in the CAC
Matrix of mitochondria

81
Q

What is the net result of the CAC?

A

2 Acetyl CoA + 6 H20 + 2 ADP ==> 4CO2 + 16H + 2CoA + 2ATP

82
Q

How many hydrogen ions are produced per glucose molecule?

A

24

83
Q

What happens to the H ions produced during CHO metabolism?

A

20 pair with NAD+
4 pass directly into oxidative process

84
Q

What happens to H+ produced during CHO metabolism?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

85
Q

Briefly describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

H split into H+ and e-
e- + H2O => OH-
H+ + OH- => H2O + ATP

86
Q

Where is ATP produced in the oxidative phosphorylation
process?

A

ATP synthetase - H+ passes down concentration/electrical gradient in mitochondria through ATPase molecule

87
Q

How much ATP is formed per glucose molecule metabolised?

A

38

88
Q

How is the rate of glycolysis controlled?

A

ATP and citrate inhibit phosphofructokinase - presently glycolytic pathway
ADP enhance phosphofructokinase
Once all ADP used, further ATP cannot be formed

89
Q

Describe anaerobic glycolysis

A

If quantities of pyruvic acid and NADH become excessive, combine with one another to form lactic acid

90
Q

What happens to lactic acid formed during anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Converted back to pyruvic acid and NADH once oxygen is available again

91
Q

What is the alternative pathway of glucose metabolism? Where does it occur? Why is it important?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway
Liver and adipose
Releases NADP - can be used for fat synthesis

92
Q

Briefly describe gluconeogenesis

A

Amino acids and glycerol portion of fat combined to form glucose

93
Q

What stimulates gluconeogenesis?

A

Reduced cellular CHO and low BG
ACTH secreted = ^cortisol
Mobilises proteins

94
Q

What promotes hydrolysis of stored fat?

A

1 - alpha-glycerophosphate - glucose breakdown product - maintains glycerol portion of triglycerides. When reduced glucose availability - insufficient quantity
2 - hormone sensitive lipase activated

95
Q

What is the function of a) chylomicrons and b) lipoproteins?

A

a) Transport lipids from GIT to tissues
b) Transport lipids between tissues

96
Q

What are the 4 types of lipoproteins? How do they differ in composition?

A

VLDLs - high concentration triglycerides, moderate cholesterol and phospholipids
IDLs - some triglycerides removed
LDLs - almost all triglycerides removed
HDLs - high concentration protein, smaller concentration cholesterol/phospholipids

97
Q

Where are lipoproteins formed?

A

The liver

98
Q

Which tissues cannot use fatty acids for energy?

A

Brain and RBCs

99
Q

Briefly, how are triglycerides used to produce energy?

A

Triglyceride hydrolysed
Glycerol - converted to glycerol-3-phosphate - enters glycolytic pathway
Fatty acids - degraded and oxidised in mitochondria - converted into acetyl CoA - beta oxidation

100
Q

What limit the rate of utilisation of ketone bodies?

A

Oxaloacetate - product of CHO metabolism needed to bind to acetyl-CoA before it can be processed in the CAC

101
Q

Why are fats poorly synthesised in diabetes?

A

Little cellular glucose:
- little acetyl-CoA and NADPH available for fat synthesis
- reduced availability of alpha glycerophosphate

102
Q

What prevents fat metabolism when excess CHO is available?

A
  • Excess CHO = excess alpha-glycerophosphate - binds FFA in form of stored triglycerides
  • Excess CHO = excess acetyl-CoA and low quantities FFA - favours FFA formation
  • Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase - controls rate of acetyl CoA => malonyl CoA for FA synthesis. Activity accelerated in presence of CAC intermediates
103
Q

What hormones are most important in promoting fat utilisation?

A

Ep/NEp => activate hormone sensitive lipase
Cortisol and glucocorticoids => activate HSL
GH => => activate HSL
Thyroid hormone - overall increase in metabolism

104
Q

What process allows amino acids to be used for energy?

A

Deamination

105
Q

Draw a liver lobule

A

pg 872

106
Q

What substances encourage hepatic growth?

A

Hepatocyte growth factor
TNF
IL-6

107
Q

What substances terminate hepatic growth?

A

Transforming growth factor beta

108
Q

How does the liver contribute towards CHO metabolism?

A

Glycogen storage
Conversion of galactose/fructose to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of chemical compounds from intermediate products of CHO metabolism

109
Q

What is the respiratory quotient for the metabolism of CHO?

A

1.0

110
Q

What is the respiratory quotient for the metabolism of protein?

A

0.8

111
Q

What is the respiratory quotient for the metabolism of fat?

A

0.7

112
Q

What is the respiratory quotient?

A

Ratio or CO2 output to O2 usage

113
Q

Where are the hunger and satiety centres located?

A

Hypothalamus

114
Q
A
115
Q
A
116
Q
A
117
Q
A

Guyton - unit questions EW (14 decks)

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