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CNS Exam 3 > Unit VI & VII > Flashcards

Unit VI & VII Flashcards

1
Q

“roof” of the midbrain

A

tectum

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2
Q

what is the tectum posterior to

A

cerebral aqueduct

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3
Q

what is the tectum composed of

A

a quadrigeminal plate;

four collicular bodies

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4
Q

the cerebral aqueduct is a channel for CSF exchange between what 2 structures

A

third and fourth ventricles

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5
Q

what surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

A

periaqueductual gray substance

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6
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei are found in or near the periaqueductual gray substance

A

CN III and IV

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7
Q

what painkillers are present in the periaqueductual gray substance

A

Endorphins and Enkephalins

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8
Q

what are the 3 parts of the cerebral peduncles

A

Tegmentum;
substantia nigra;
crus cerebri

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9
Q

what is the smallest cranial nerve

A

CN IV

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10
Q

what is the name of the CN IV

A

Trochlear

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11
Q

what does CN IV innervate

A

superior oblique of the extraocular eye musculature

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12
Q

what innervates the superior oblique of the extraocular eye muscles

A

CN IV

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13
Q

what CN is the only one w/ an apparent origin on post. brainstem

A

CN IV

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14
Q

CN IV characteristics

A

smallest;
only one w/ apparent origin on post. brainstem;
only one that crosses as it exits the CNS;
travels further inside cranial vault;

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15
Q

where is the apparent origin of CN III

A

ventral from the interpeduncular fossa

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16
Q

what innervates 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles

A

CN III

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17
Q

what does CN III innervate

A

4 of the 6 extraocular;

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique

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18
Q

what raises the upper eyelids

A

levator palpebrae superioris

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19
Q

what kind of axons does the oculomotor n carry

A

preganglionic parasympathetic

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20
Q

the oculomotor nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons from _ to _

A

accessory oculomotor nucleus;

ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles of eye

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21
Q

accessory oculomotor nucleus aka

A

Edinger-Westphal

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22
Q

how many bumps exist in the mammalian tectum

A

4 (superior and inferior colliculi)

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23
Q

what reflexes does the superior colliculi deal with

A

visual

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24
Q

what reflexes does the inferior colliculi deal with

A

auditory

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25
Q

what tracts do the superior and inferior colliculi use

A

tectospinal

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26
Q

where does the tectospinal tract influence neurons through CN XI

A

upper cervical

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27
Q

what muscles does CN XI contract

A

SCM;

trapezius

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28
Q

lesions dont impair _ eye movements, only perceptions of _ of objects in the field of vision.

A

voluntary;

motion

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29
Q

what is just ventral to the cerebral aqueduct

A

tegmentum

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30
Q

nuclei of origin for CN III and IV are located where

A

tegmentum

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31
Q

the reticular formation of the midbrain is located here

A

tegmentum

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32
Q

the red nucleus is primarily located in what

A

midbrain

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33
Q

the superior part of the red nucleus extends into the

A

diencephalon’s subthalamic region

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34
Q

the red nucleus is divided into:

A

inf. (magnocellular area);

highly vascular sup. area (parvocellular);

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35
Q

where do most rubrospinal tract fibers originate

A

magnocellular area of the midbrain

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36
Q

what is contained in the cerebral peduncles

A

tegmentum;
substantia nigra;
crus cerebri

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37
Q

input fibers come to the red nucleus from

A

central cerebellar nuclei;

cerebral cortex

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38
Q

function of the red nucleus

A

contralateral motor for postural control and muscle tone control in flexor musculature

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39
Q

this is located in the tegmentum and crus

A

substantia nigra

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40
Q

where does the substantia nigra extend

A

subthalamus of the diencephalon

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41
Q

what gives substantia nigra its black appearance

A

melanin

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42
Q

afferent and efferent fibers of the substantia nigra exchange between

A

telencephalon’s caudate and putamen nuclei

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43
Q

what disease is associated with the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s

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44
Q

symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

shaking of the digits, hands, and tongue AT REST

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45
Q

what is located at the ventrolateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle

A

crus cerebri

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46
Q

crus cerebri is composed of

A

descending tract fibers from the cerebral cortex

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47
Q

what are the 4 descending tracts in the crus cerebri

A

corticospinal fibers;
corticopontine fibers;
corticobulbar fibers;
corticomesencephalic fibers

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48
Q

corticospinal fibers travel

A

to the cord

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49
Q

corticopontine fibers travel

A

to the pons

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50
Q

corticobulbar fibers travel

A

to MO

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51
Q

corticomesencephalic fibers travel

A

terminate on CN nuclei III and IV to initiate voluntary motor movements of the eyes

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52
Q

what does diencephalon mean

A

“between brain”

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53
Q

what are the major parts of the diencephalon

A 
third ventricle;
epithalamus;
thalamus (includes metathalamus);
hypothalamus;
subthalamus
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54
Q

the diencephalon is the most significant relay center for sensory input to where

A

cerebrum (all sensation except olfaction)

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55
Q

the diencephalon is a significant center for control of

A

autonomic and endocrine functions

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56
Q

pineal gland aka

A

epiphysis cerebri

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57
Q

what are numerous in the pineal gland

A

fenestrated vascular capillary beds;

glial support cells

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58
Q

calcification of the pineal gland

A

“brain sand” (not a tumor)

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59
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin, seratonin, norepinephrine

60
Q

how is the pineal gland sensitive to light indirectly

A

pathway in retina and synapsing in the hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

61
Q

melatonin levels appear to be a function of what cycle

A

circadial cycle

62
Q

what small structure is just superior to the midbrain tectum

A

posterior commissure

63
Q

where are the pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei are located here

A

posterior commissure

64
Q

just anterior and inferior to the posterior commissure is a small structure called

A

subcommissural organ

65
Q

what may the subcommissural organ produce

A

aldosterone

66
Q

what is the subcommissural organ is primary composed of

A

specialized ependymal cells

67
Q

what composes the metathalamus

A

lateral and medial geniculate bodies

68
Q

what is the bridge of gray substance that joins the 2 equal left and ride sides of the thalamus

A

massa intermedia or interthalamic adhesion

69
Q

the thalamus forms the bulk of the lateral walls of what

A

third ventricle

70
Q

what is lateral to each thalamic mass

A

posterior limb of the internal capsule

71
Q

what is the only sensory input to NOT be relayed and integrated in the thalamus

A

olfaction

72
Q

what runs through the substance of each thalamic mass and helps divide them into subdivisions

A

internal medullary lamina

73
Q

what is the largest part of the thalamus

A

pulvinar

74
Q

what is only found among the highest of primates

A

pulvinar

75
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

below thalamus

76
Q

what forms the floor and portions of the lateral walls of the third ventricle

A

hypothalamus

77
Q

what 2 structures are included in the hypothalamus

A

infundibular stalk;
optic chiasma;
(NOT the pituitary gland)

78
Q

the medial zone of the hypothalamus is subdivided into

A

ant., intermediate, and post. areas

79
Q

what basic drives does the hypothalamus control

A

hunger, thirst, and sex

80
Q

what part of emotional expression does the hypothalamus control

A

physical aspects (crying)

81
Q

what has central control over visceral functions

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

examples of hypothalamus parasympathetic control

A

anterior and intermediate areas;
increase digestive motility;
decrease heart rate;
constrict pupil

83
Q

examples of hypothalamus sympathetic control

A

posterior area;
increase heart rate and vasoconstriction;
decrease digestive motility;
pupil dilation, piloerection, and sweat gland secretions

84
Q

direct endocrine control from the hypothalamus

A

via neuron axon extensions into the posterior pituitary

85
Q

indirect endocrine control from the hypothalamus

A

via neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones

86
Q

what nuclei are located in the anterior area of the hypothalamus

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei;

suprachiasmatic nuclei

87
Q

what tract sends axons down through the infundibular stalk from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

A

hypothalamohypophyseal OR

supra-opticohypophyseal

88
Q

where do axons from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei terminate

A

posterior pituitary

89
Q

what hormones are released from the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin;

antidiuretic hormone

90
Q

what is oxytocin for

A

breast milk let down;

uterine contraction

91
Q

what nuclei is responsible for much of our circadial rhythms such as temp, sleep, light, and feeding

A

suprachiasmatic nuclei

92
Q

which nuclei is associated w the pineal gland and its secretions into the blood stream

A

suprachiasmatic nuclei

93
Q

what is the anterior nucleus known for

A

parasympathetic function

94
Q

what is the preoptic area function

A

“preworkout” a thermo-regulator as body heats up

95
Q

this nuclei has a significant GI tract parasympathetic influence

A

dorsomedial nuclei

96
Q

nuclei for eating and thirst gratification

A

ventromedial nuclei

97
Q

what is the function of the ventromedial nuclei

A

satiety center (fullness)

98
Q

what tract do arcuate nuclei contribute axons to

A

tuberoinfundibular tract

99
Q

tuberoinfundibular tract is associated w that nuclei

A

arcuate

100
Q

where do axons from the tuberoinfundibular tract terminate and release neurohormones

A

perivascular space of the infundibular stalk

101
Q

neurohormones from the tuberoinfundiblar tract pass into the _ by way of the _ where they influence the release of _

A

anterior pituitary;
bloodstream;
pituitary hormones (Releasing Factors)

102
Q

a term used to describe the uldulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies

A

tuber cinereum

103
Q

a nucleus important for short-term memory

A

mammillary bodies

104
Q

what is the posterior nuclei responsible for

A

“postworkout” a thermoregulator, as body cools down; stimulates shivering

105
Q

what is the posterior area known for

A

diverse sympathetic actions

106
Q

what would fibers from the hypothalamic nuclei be doing if they descend to specific nuclei for CN III, VII, IX, X

A

parasympathetic function

107
Q

what about those that directly or indirectly reach the intermediolateral cells of rexed lamina seven at cord levels T1-L2? or cord level S2,3,4?

A

sympathetic;

parsympathetic

108
Q

which area gives rise to the anterior pituitary and intermediate pituitary

A

rathke’s pouch

109
Q

what is a mere extension of the brain and neurons run directly into its substance

A

posterior pituitary

110
Q

what must receive its hypothalamic influence via the bloodstream

A

anterior pituitary

111
Q

the subthalamus includes the following nuclei

A

parvocellular region of the red nucleus;
superior portion of the substantia nigra;
subthalamic nuclei (corpus Luysi)

112
Q

the subthalamic nuclei sends and receives fibers to and from what

A

globus pallidus of the telencephalon

113
Q

the subthalamic nuclei is part of what system

A

extrapyramidal

114
Q

lesions in the subthalamic nuclei lead to what movement

A

ballism or hemiballism

115
Q

what is the outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex of the telencephalon called

A

pallium

116
Q

in the telencephalon, there is an underlying mass of white fibers are collectively known as

A

centrum semiovale

117
Q

deep within the white matter of the telencephalon are collections of neuron cell bodies called the

A

basal ganglia

118
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

frontal lobe - largest;
temporal lobe;
parietal lobe;
occipital lobe - smallest

119
Q

general functions of the telencephalon

A 
final integration;
memory and associative memory;
abstract thinking (emotional response)
120
Q

total surface area of the pallium

A

2.5 square feet

121
Q

2/3 of the surface area of the pallium is down in the

A

sulci

122
Q

thickness of the pallium is how many mm

A

1.5-4.5

123
Q

in the pallium which cortex is thicker

A

gyrus cortex is thicker than the sulcus cortex

124
Q

how many neurons in the cerebral cortex

A

100 billion

125
Q

each neuron in the cerebral cortex will synapse with an average of how many others

A

600-4000

126
Q

what are the subdivisions of the cerebral cortex

A

neocortex;

allocortex

127
Q

which subdivision of the cortex occupies 90% and and is homogenous

A

neocortex

128
Q

which subdivision of the cortex occupies 10% and includes 2 ancient parts (olfactory and hippocampal). heterogenous

A

allocortex

129
Q

which subdivision of the cortex is associated with lamina

A

neocortex

130
Q

name of lamina I

A

molecular (plexiform)

131
Q

name of lamina II

A

external granular

132
Q

name of lamina III

A

external pyramidal

133
Q

name of lamina IV

A

internal granular

134
Q

name of lamina Vl

A

internal pyramidal (ganglionic)

135
Q

name of lamina VI

A

multiform (fusiform)

136
Q

the outermost lamina and nearest to the pia mater;

filled with synaptic activity

A

lamina I

137
Q

lamina with granular neurons;

axons extend into deeper lamina of this same cortex area

A

lamina II

138
Q

lamina pyramidal-shaped neurons;

axons extend to white matter then return to gray (projection, association, commissural fibers)

A

lamina III

139
Q

what lamina is called the “Intercortical Association” layer

A

lamina III

140
Q

what lamina is called the “Intracortical Association” layer

A

lamina II

141
Q

what lamina are called the “associative lamina”

A

lamina II & III

142
Q

what lamina receives Thalamic Inputs, some of which will reach the molecular layer

A

lamina IV

143
Q

what is well developed in lamina IV

A

sensory areas (touch, pain, sight, hearing)

144
Q

what is located in lamina V

A

giant pyramidal (Betz) cells

145
Q

where do axons project to in lamina V

A

corticospinal;

corticobulbar

146
Q

what lamina is a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers: “projection”

A

lamina VI

147
Q

what is lamina V and VI known as

A

“projection laminae”

CNS Exam 3 (2 decks)

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