Unit Two Test Flashcards
Ecosystem Diversity
The number of different habitats available in a given area
Species Diversity
The number of different species in an ecosystem and the balance of the population
Genetic Diversity
How different the genes are of individuals within population
Richness
Total number of different species found in an ecosystem
Evenness
Measure of how all the individual organisms in an ecosystem are balanced between different species
Bottleneck Event
Disutrbance/Disaster that drastically reduces population, size, and skills of organisms
What is inbreeding depression?
When organisms mate with closely related family members
Ecosystem Resillience
An ecosystem returns to it’s original conditions after a major disturbance
Ecological Range of Tolerance
Range of conditions that an organism can endure before injury or death
What is optimal range?
When an organisms survive, grow, and reproduce
Zone of physiological stress
Organisms survive but with stressors like infertility, lack of growth, and decreased activity levels
Zone of intolerance
Organisms will die
What are limiting factors?
Soil, freshwater lakes and rivers, bays and estuaries
Specialists
smaller range of tolerance or narrower ecological niche makes them more prone to extinction
What are examples of specialists?
specific food requirements and decreased ability to adapt to new conditions
Generalists
larger range of tolerance, borader nniche makes them less prone to extinction and more likely to be invasive
What are examples of generalists?
broader food requirements and higher adaptability
Quality
k-selected species
Quantity
r-selected species
Examples of k-selected species
fewer offspring, reproduce multiple times, long lifespan, change of invasives
Examples of r-selected species
many offspring, may reproduce, shorter life span, more likely to be invasive, rapidly changing
Survivorship Curve
line that shows survival rate of cohort in a population from birth to dead
Type 1 is mostly
k selected species
Type 2 is mostly
in between r and k
Type 3 is mostly
r selected
Biotic Potential
exponential growth maximum and potential growth rate with no limiting resources
Logistic Growth
initial rapid growth
Size (N)
total number in a given area at a given time
Density
number of individual in a given area
Distribution
individual population are spaced out compared to each other
Sex Ratio
ratio of males to females
What factors increase population growth?
higher TFR, higher birth rate, increased access to clean water, healthcare
What factors decrease population growth?
higher death rate, increased education in women, delayed age of first child
Biome
large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant and animal species there
Ecosystem
all living and non living things in an area
Symbosis
any close and long term interaction between two organisms of different species
Mutualism
organisms of different species living close together in a way that benefits both
Commensalism
relationship that benefits one organisms and doesn’t impact the other
Trophic Cascade
removal or addition of a top predator has a ripple effect down through lower trophic levels
Tertiary Consumers
animals that eat secondary consumers or carnivores and omnivores
Secondary Consumers
animals that eat primary consumers or herbivores
Primary Consumers
animals that eat plants
Producers
really convent sun’s light energy into chemical energy
Ecosystem Services
goods that come from natural resources
Provisioning
goods taken directly from ecosystems like fish, hunting, berries
Regulating
natural ecosystems regulate climate/air quality like trees
Supporting
natural ecosystems support process we do ourselves making them cheaper and easier like wetland plant roots or insects pollinating
Cultural
money generated by recreation like paying to enter state parks or paying for a fishing license
Salinity
the amount of salt in a body of water
Flow
determines which plants and organisms can survive and how much O2 can dissolve into the water
Depth
influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below surface for photosynthesis
Temperature
warmer water holds less dissolved O2
Natural Disturbance
a natural event that disrupts the structure/function of an ecosystem
Periodic
occurs with regular frequency like dry-wet seasons
Episodic
occasional events with irregular frequencies like hurricanes, droughts, and fires
Random
no regular frequencies like earthquakes, volcanoes, and asteroids
Natural Climate Change
earth’s climate has varied over geological time for numerous reasons
Migration
wildlife may migrate to a new habitat as the result of natural disruptions
Natural Selection
organisms that are better adapted to their environment
Evolution
the environment an organisms lives in determines which traits are adaptions
Pace of Evolution
the more rapidly an environment changes, the less likely a species in the environment will adapt to those changes
Primary Succession
starts from bare rock in an area with no previous soil formation
Secondary Succession
starts from already established soil
Invasive Species
species not native to an area
