Unit Two Part One: Population & Health Vocabulary Flashcards
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Census
A complete enumeration of a population.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Demographic Transition
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Transition Model
Distinctive cause of death in each stage of the Demographic Transition Model
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. At birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
Zero Population Growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Population Distribution
Description of locations on Earth’s surface where populations live
population density
A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
scale
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.
Arable Land
land suitable for growing crops
carrying capacity
The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources.
age cohort
people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together
Baby Boom
A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
Mortality
the state of being subject to death
Fertility
The production of offspring within a population
population doubling time
The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of natural increase
Elderly support ratio
The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older.
Maternal Mortality Rate
The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births
Malthusian Theory
Focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder
Neo-Malthusian Theory
Revisions of Malthusian theory about food production and population growth that include more information, such as taking into account the effects of technology.
Bosrup’s Theory of Agriculture (Esther Bosrup):
Argued against Malthus. Stated that as population pressure increases, cultures farm more intensively and increase output
