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Adv.Biology > Unit Two : Felid techniques and Evolution > Flashcards

Unit Two : Felid techniques and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is it important to remember when sampling wild animals in relation to choosing a technique ?

A

It’s appropriate to the species being sampled

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2
Q

State some methods used to sample wild organisms …

A

Transects or scat sampling
Point counts
Remote detection
Quadrats and camera traps

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3
Q

What does the sampling method point count involve ?

A

This method is used to sample bird species in a given area over a set period of time.Counts are carried out by recording all birds seen and heard from a stationary point

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4
Q

Elusive species are difficult to sample,name some techniques used to sample these species ….

A

Remote detection
Scat sampling
Camera traps

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5
Q

Aside from random , what are the other types of sampling techniques and explain both ….

A

Stratified : one large population is divided up into smaller sub populations first ,then individuals are randomly selected from the sub groups

Systematic : sampling is taken at regular intervals

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6
Q

Name the three domains of life …

A

Bacteria ( prokaryotes )
Archaea
Eukaryotes

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7
Q

In observing and recording animal behaviour ,what must be avoided ?

A

Anthropomorphism ( personification ) which is when animals are credited with human emotions.

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8
Q

Why is monitoring populations so important ?

A

As it gives indications about the conditions and assess environmental impact

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9
Q

What technique is suitable for estimating population size ? State the formula and the key ….

A

Mark and recapture
N= MC/R

R: number of marked recaptures in the second sample

M: number captured,marked and released in first sample

C: number captured in second sample

N : estimate of total population

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10
Q

Give examples of appropriate techniques needed for marking animals ….

A

Tagging
banding,
surgical plantations
Painting and hair clippings

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11
Q

Names some divisions in the plant kingdom …

A 
Mosses 
Liverworts 
Ferns 
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
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12
Q

There is often a wider range of hazards associated with field work than laboratory work ,give some examples of these hazards …

A

Uneven/challenging terrain
Weather conditions
Isolation

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13
Q

State the definition of taxonomy …

A

The science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups

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14
Q

What are model organisms ?

A

Those that scientist already know a lot about and have been studying for many years

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15
Q

What is used to dispel myths regarding relatedness ?

A

Genetic evidence

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16
Q

Organisms that share a more recent common ancestor are more ….

A

Closely related than those whose common ancestor is more distant

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17
Q

A phylogenetic tree is also called the

A

Tree of relatedness

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18
Q

What is the largest and smallest group in the taxonomic ranks ?

A

Kingdom is the largest

Species is the smallest

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19
Q

What mnemonic is used for remembering the order of taxonomic ranks ?
And what do they stand for ?

A

King prawn curry or fat greasy sausages

Kingdom phylum class order family genus species

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20
Q

Nematodes and Platyhelminthes are both parasitic but give a difference between them …

A

Nematodes are round worms whereas Platyhelminthes and flat worms

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21
Q

What are Mollusca characterised by ?

A

Shells , eg : snails

22
Q

Name this group

Includes all the vertebrates(birds,reptiles,fish and sea squirts )

A

Chordata

23
Q

State four features of liverworts …

A

Flowerless, spore producing,flattened stems and overlapping leaves

24
Q

Mosses are flower less plants that lack seeds and a ….

A

Vascular systems

25
Q

Both ferns and gymnosperms are flowerless and obtain a vascular system but give a difference ….

A

Ferns are spore producing whereas gymnosperms are cone bearing plants that posses needle like leaves

26
Q

What is ethology ….

A

Study of animal behaviour

27
Q

What is used to record all of the observed behaviours shown by a species over a period of time ?

A

Ethogram

28
Q

Name the two main causes of evolution and state whether they are random processes or not ….

A

Genetic drift is random

Natural and sexual selection is non random

29
Q

State the definition of evolution

A

Defined as the change,over successive generations,in the proportion of individual in a population differing in one or more inherited characteristics

30
Q

Describe what happens in genetic drift

A

Chance events cause allele frequencies to change unpredictably from one generation to the next

31
Q

What size of population is genetic drift most likely to impact

A

Smaller the population

32
Q

Name the two situations where genetic drift can have a significant impact ……

Describe what the bottleneck effect is

A

Bottleneck effect and founder effect

Bottleneck effect is where natural disasters such as earthquakes,floods or fires will kill large numbers of individuals in a population,only leaving a small remaking group which is unlikely to represent the genetic make up of the entire population.This drastic reduction in population size is know as the bottleneck effect

33
Q

Complete
Genetic drift as a result of the bottleneck reduced the _______ of the population and probably ____ the frequency of harmful alleles

A

Genetic variation

Increased

34
Q

Briefly describe what the founder effect is ….

A

When a few individuals colonise an island or other new habitat,therefore the smaller the group the less likely the genetic make up of the colonists will represent the gene pool of the larger population.

35
Q

Natural and sexual selection are what type of process ….

A

Non random

36
Q

In natural selection what causes certain alleles to occur more frequently within a population ?

A

selective advantage as these alleles increase the chance that the individual has of surviving to then pass on the advantageous allele onto future generations

37
Q

What is the main source of new of advantages alleles arising within a population ?

A

Random mutations

38
Q

In rare cases the random mutations can result in an allele that may be beneficial to the organisms fitness…. What terms can this fitness be measured in ?

A

Absolute and relative

39
Q

True or false

Absolute fitness is the ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next ?

A

True

40
Q

State the definition of relative fitness

A

The ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes

41
Q

The rate of evolution is very fast when …..

A

Selection pressures are high

42
Q

What three factors increase the rate of evolution ?

A

Shorter generation times
Warmer environments
Horizontal gene transfer

43
Q

Give the definition of horizontal gene transfer

A

When organisms will share beneficial DNA sequences

44
Q

A new antibiotic has been developed against a specific disease.the antibiotic is very effective.When this disease outbreaks in a hospital he new antibiotic is used.
A) predict what will happen to the number of cases of the disease in the first year ?
B) predict what will happen to the effectiveness of this disease over the next five years

A

A) numbers will decrease
B) Effectiveness of this new antibiotic will decrease over time as due to shorter generation time and bacterial ability to transfer genes horizontally,bacteria will quickly evolve resistance to the antibiotic

45
Q

What is evolution,according to the Red Queen Hypothesis ,most powerfully driven by ?

A

Interactions between species rather than the environment

46
Q

What type of co evolution is the red queen hypothesis linked to

A

Parasites and hosts

47
Q

The Red Queen Hypothesis suggests that …..

A

Species are in a constant race for survival and have to continue to evolve new ways of defending themselves throughout time.

48
Q

What is the definition of co - evolution ?

A

Where a change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure on another species with which it frequently interacts

49
Q

What does the term symbiotic relationship mean ?

A

An interrelationship between organisms of two different species ,whereby at least one species benefits

50
Q

True of false

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where neither species benefit ….

A

False

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where BOTH species benefit

51
Q

Give four examples of where co evolution exists ….

A

Herbivores and plants
Pollinators and plants
Predators and prey
Parasites and hosts

52
Q

Predators and prey have both evolved successful adaptations to survive ,such a s prey species evolving mimicry that resembles the poisonous arrow frog … How does the mimic benefit from this ?

A

As predators will avoid eating them since they resemble the colours of the poisonous arrow frog which have toxins as a chemical defence

Adv.Biology (7 decks)

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