unit two (brown) Flashcards

Question

what are community sentences?

Answer 1

punishments such as litter picking, curfews and drug testing

Answer 2

min= 15 years max= life

Answer 3

min= 3 years max= life

Answer 4

min= community order max= 6 years

Answer 5

min= community order max= 10 years

Answer 6

min= community order max= fine

Answer 7

min= points and fine max= £5000 fine

Answer 8

min= fine up to £2500 max= 7 years and unlimited fine

Answer 9

min= 3 years max= 5 years and fine

Answer 10

min= 1 year max= life

Answer 11

-level of seriousness -how much harm caused -any previous crimes -personal circumstances -level of remorse shown -offender admitting responsibility

Answer 12

-behaviour that goes against the usual or accepted standards (social norms) -can be legal and illegal rule breaking

Answer 13

values= -principles and beliefs about what is important, agreed on by society norms= -our behaviours and actions, influenced by society's values and expectations

Answer 14

an informal system of guidelines for behaviour, dependant on culture

Answer 15

an act which most of society would agree is not classed as part of normal behaviour

Answer 16

an act which no one sees, something which a person can keep hidden away that is still considered not part of societies set norms

Answer 17

an act that is only considered deviant in the culture you are in at the time and may not be considered that by every society

Answer 18

deviance shared by a group of people which does not conform to social norms, however follow a set of norms they have created within their own subculture

Answer 19

it is not pre-existing as it is the creation of each specific society and culture

Answer 20

-laws of many countries are based around the religious culture of the country -interpretations of religious texts (bible) have suggested certain acts are sinful -religion plays a lesser role in society, so the influence of religion on certain topics is also decreasing

Answer 21

-where bigamy is not a crime, the ability to have more than one spouse only applies to men -FGM in some cultures is seen as a prerequisite for marriage -in some cultures, women are perceived to be subservient to men and as a result, legal and societal rights vary

Answer 22

-some countries allow financial payments to victims of crimes to discontinue cases, in other countries this would be seen as perverting the course of justice -the death penalty is still used in some countries, has been abolished in others (UK)

Answer 23

-practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after going through a legal trial (death penalty) -it was suspended in 1965 and abolished in 1969 because of the shift towards rehabilitation, holes in evidence and vulnerable witnesses

Answer 24

-confessed to murdering his wife after she had an illegal abortion by John Christie (their landlord) -timothy confessed and was hung in 1950 -Christie said his wife died from the abortion and later convicted for the murder of 8 other women -Evans was innocent

Answer 25

-hanged for murder of a policeman -Derek had severe learning difficulties -him and his friend had weapons and Chris Craig fired his gun killing a policeman -Derek did not use his own weapons -both charged for murder -Bentley was the only one to get the death penalty as Craig was under 18

Answer 26

-hung in 1955 -found guilty of shooting David Blakely -was in an abusive relationship with David -was beaten by him and had a miscarriage -was guilty by had lots of public sympathy

Answer 27

Dunblane school massacre= -March 13th 1996 -gunman shot dead 16 young children and a teacher in their primary school and then killed himself -labour government introduced firearms act 1997 which banned the civilian ownership of handguns

Answer 28

-protested for reform -they managed to collect 700,000 signatures -started the snow drop campaign (flowers that grew around the school) -handguns were banned and more background checks were put in place to allow licences (doctor/police assessments)

Answer 29

-where you can't get tried twice for the same crime -the criminal justice act 2003 changed the law by permitting retrials where new evidence has come to light

Answer 30

Ann Ming= -Julie went missing from her home in 1989 -Ann Ming found her daughter behind a bath panel ten weeks later, despite police looking for her -Billy Dunlop was charged for Julie's murder but juries failed to reach a verdict and he was set free -he was then in prison for a violent assault against another woman, bragging to a police guard he killed Julie -due to double jeopardy, Billy could not be tried again

Answer 31

-the act of selling your body for sex with the exchange of money -legal

Answer 32

soliciting= -to offer sex for money, usually in a public place kerb crawling= -driving slowly along a road close to a pavement in order to ask a prostitute for sex brothel= a place where men go to have sex with a prostitute

Answer 33

1885 Britain criminal law amendment act= -prostitutes were seen as a public nuisance and the only remedy was repression, by the joint action of policeman and citizen 1959 street offence act= -based on the Wolfenden report, prostitution was decriminalised but activities around it were banned (kerb crawling) -targeted customers and not the women themselves

Answer 34

-now recognised as a final source of income for some -decriminalised with regulations -concern for women's safety -decline in religion (secularisation) -women's status equal to men

Answer 35

genetic= -your genetic makeup -physiological= -how your genetic makeup can influence your physical characteristics

Answer 36

-male has an extra Y chromosome -occurs in every 1 in 1000 males -leads to various differences: tend to be taller than average, lower IQ, learning difficulties, overly aggressive traits and lacking empathy -he studied criminals in psychiatric hospitals and found 15 in 1000 inmates had XYY syndrome -he argued that this increased violent behaviour due to an increase in testosterone -XYY explains criminal behaviour

Answer 37

-one strength is that there is research to support his theory. For example, Adler argued that it is possible that aggressive and violent behaviour is partly determined by genetic factors. This is a strength as the Y chromosome causing the extreme aggression is a genetical factor. Therefore, this makes Jacob's theory more reliable.

Answer 38

-one weakness is that it cannot explain female criminality. For example, females do not have an extra Y chromosome as they only have XX chromosomes. This is a weakness as there isn't an explanation biologically why women commit crime. Therefore, it doesn't generalise to the wider population meaning reduced validity of his theory.

Answer 39

-John Wayne Gacy

Answer 40

-when one twin displays the same behaviour as the other twin

Answer 41

MZ (monozygotic)= -share all the genes, 100% identical DZ (dizygotic)= -share only half their genes, 50% identical

Answer 42

-showed that MZ twins have a higher concordance rate for criminal behaviour than DZ twins -77% MZ twins had both served time in prison -12% DZ twins had both served time in prison -the higher concordance rate for MZ twins suggests that crime is in the genes

Answer 43

-showed that MZ twins have a higher concordance rate for criminal behaviour than DZ twins -used 3586 twins -35% MZ twins had both served time in prison -13% DZ twins had both served time in prison -the higher concordance rate for MZ twins suggests that crime is in the genes

Answer 44

-one weakness is that the research used to support the genetic link to crime has low concordance rates. For example, Christiansen only found a concordance rate of 35% for MZ twins both serving prison time. This is a weakness as it is inadequate evidence, due to the concordance being less than half. Therefore, not a lot of crime is genetic.

Answer 45

-another weakness is that criminality could be easily linked to nurture/the environment. For example, twins are often brought up in the same environment and have a very similar upbringing to one another. This is a weakness as their is uncertainty which factor is the main influence of crime. Therefore, twin studies are not a good explanation of criminality.

Answer 46

-Ronnie and Reggie Kray

Answer 47

-investigated the nature/nurture debate of criminal behaviour -14000 adopted criminal males had their records compared with those of their biological parents and their adoptive parents -sons were more likely to have a criminal record if a biological parent had a criminal record (concordance of 20%) -smaller proportion of sons having a criminal record if their adoptive parent had a criminal record (concordance of 14%) -concluded a strong genetic influence on criminal behaviour but doesn't rule out environmental factors

Answer 48

-one weakness is that they can be impractical. For example, information about the biological family is sometimes hard to find as people don't sign over all their details, or don't want to be found. This is a weakness as the explanation for whether crime is genetic or environmental is poor as sometimes no evidence for biological element. Therefore the adoption studies don't explain the reason for criminality.

Answer 49

-another weakness is that the age the children are adopted can be an issue. For example, some children are adopted at an older age. This is a weakness as early childhood contact with the biological parents affects them genetically and environmentally. Therefore, the validity of the studies are weak.

Answer 50

-known as the 'father of modern criminology' -argued criminal is a separate species, one between modern and primitive humans (the atavistic man) -claimed criminality was heritable and those who committed crimes had atavistic features. Like: high cheekbones, sloping forehead, large ears, large jaw etc. -he examined the facial features of dead criminals and living ones and concluded 40% of criminal acts could be accounted for by atavistic characteristics -murderers had blood shot eyes and curly hair -sex offenders had thick lips and protruding ears

Answer 51

-one weakness is that it has opposing evidence. For example, Goring made a study of the physical features of prisoners and found no distinctive facial characteristics noted by Lombroso. This is a weakness as Lombroso's theory cannot be replicated, due to gaining different results. Therefore has low reliability.

Answer 52

-another weakness is that it has limited use. For example, he identified that 40% of criminals had atavistic features. This is a weakness as it is inadequate evidence, due to the percentage being less than half. Therefore, the theory doesn't explain a high proportion of crime and has limited use.

Answer 53

-three fundamental somatotypes (ectomorph, endomorph, mesomorph) -reason for crime according to Sheldon is your genetic makeup influencing your physical characteristics. The mesomorph body type is the cause of crime -he found that many criminals were mesomorphic and least likely to be ectomorphic -he conducted a study comparing college students to delinquents rating them on a scale 1-7 to their resemblance to mesomorphy -results showed the delinquents had a higher average mesomorphy than college students

Answer 54

-one strength is that there is supporting research. For example, Glueck compared 800 delinquents to non-delinquents and found that the delinquents were more likely to be mesomorphs. This is a strength as it shows Sheldon's study can be replicated. Therefore this study has high reliability for explaining criminality.

Answer 55

-one weakness is that it does not take into account that people's somatotype is not fixed. For example, people's bodies change throughout their lives and an individual may be all three types at some point in their lives. This is a weakness as Sheldon does not detail whether this would lead to changes in personality and criminal behaviour. Therefore, has limited use.

Answer 56

-Andrew and Tristan Tate

Answer 57

-the reason for crime according to neurochemical theories is that the brains chemistry is biologically wired from birth and is caused by the effects of different chemicals on the brain -Ellis & Contz -Scerbo & Raine

Answer 58

-found that testosterone peaks in the early 20s -also when criminal activity peaks -may be a link between hormones and crime

Answer 59

-conducted a meta analysis on 29 studies into antisocial adults and children and found low levels of serotonin associated with all of them -low levels of serotonin associated with higher levels of aggression (therefore violent crime) -serotonin can be raised by diet (dark chocolate, cheese, salmon, turkey etc)

Answer 60

Horace Williams= -bodybuilder involved in a murder case while taking high doses of steroids -addicted to mood altering steroids which would put him into a 'manic state' -Williams had taken 2000 times the recommended dosage and claimed to have significantly altered his mental state and behaviour -found guilty of first degree muder

Answer 61

-one strength is that there are positive, practical things you can do with this theory to combat crime. For example, we know food with high levels of serotonin (turkey, salmon), so we can make criminals serotonin diets. This is a strength because there is a link between aggression and low levels of serotonin, therefore increasing their serotonin intake it will reduce aggression.

Answer 62

-one weakness is that it is too simplistic to think that crime can be stopped through simply changing diet. For example, many people eat low serotonin diets and are not criminal. This is a weakness because it shows that diet cannot fully explain most crime and therefore, environmental factors have a huge impact.

Answer 63

-all behaviour is learnt -we observe and imitate role models in order to learn our behaviour

Answer 64

-learned behaviour from imitating role models

Answer 65

-Bobo doll study aim= -to see if aggressive behaviour would be imitated in a different setting procedure= -72 children either watched an aggressive role model or a non aggressive role model findings= -more aggressive behaviour when aggressive model observed -same results were gained whether the model was observed in real life and on video -same sex effect where there was higher imitation if role model was same sex

Answer 66

-if the role model is rewarded, the observer is more likely to imitate -if the role model is punished, the observer is less likely to imitate

Answer 67

-James Bulger -his killers watched child's play 3 before the murders -chucky is essentially the role model and the killers imitated the behaviour

Answer 68

-a strength is that there is scientific evidence to support Bandura's theory that we learn crime from others. For example, the Bobo doll experiment recorded what happened when children observe role models being aggressive towards a Bobo doll. This is a strength because scientific evidence can be tested and repeated to ensure it is valid and reliable

Answer 69

-a weakness is that Bandura conducted his experiments in a lab, so the results do not reflect the real world, meaning it has low ecological validity. For example, a child is likely to act differently whilst being watched by lab assistants. Ppts might not have been so aggressive in a natural situation. This is a weakness, because children may not imitate role models so easily, or in the same way in real life.

Answer 70

-another weakness is that Bandura's experiments have ethical issues. For example, children were exposed to violence and then experimenters simply observed when the children displayed aggressive behaviour. This is a weakness as the experiments could have hurt the children. It was not known how long learned aggressive behaviour would last or how it would affect the child emotionally.

Answer 71

-caused by the people you mix with and the influence they have on you

Answer 72

-crime is socialised into children from a young age by those around them, leading to some crimes being seen as acceptable -this theory accounts for the high reoffending rate of released prisoners. While in prison, criminals learn from those around them and become more versed in certain criminal techniques and offences -prisons are known as 'universities of crime'

Answer 73

-if a person has more criminal associates than law abiding citizens, they are more likely to have a favourable attitude to criminal behaviour as it becomes 'normal' and they will commit crime themselves

Answer 74

-a strength is that crime often runs in families, supporting the idea of learned attitudes. This is a strength as it supports the fact crime is socialised from a young age.

Answer 75

-a weakness is that many people live around criminal groups but choose not to be a criminal themselves. This is a weakness as it opposes the theory because it shows that people are not always influenced by those around them. There may be other factors Sutherland ignores, such as genes.

Answer 76

-another strength is that work groups can normalise white collar crime, enabling offenders to justify their behaviour. This is a strength as it is demonstrating learned attitudes.

Answer 77

-the unconscious is a factor in our behaviour -all behaviour could be traced back to events in childhood

Answer 78

-an imbalance of the tripartite personality -there is a dominant ID

Answer 79

superego= -our moral conscience, concerned with social rules and tells us what is right and wrong (angel) -found in the unconscious mind ego= -reality -seeks rational and sensible control, tries to be practical and realistic -found in the conscious mind ID= -instincts -controls our selfish urges, wants instant gratification and represents our basic needs (devil)

Answer 80

unbalanced superego= -a person will be moralistic and judgemental when perfection is not achieved unbalanced ego= -struggle to accept change and have a rigid lifestyle unbalanced ID= -a person will act impulsively 'taking what they want' leading to criminal behaviour

Answer 81

-a child will develop a dominant ID when they don't fully develop the ego and superego -this is because of a poor or abnormal relationship with parents

Answer 82

-Edmund Kemper (co-ed killer) -he had a dominant ID and an imbalance of tripartite personality due to poor relationship with alcoholic mother -he was a serial killer convicted of murdering 7 women and 1 girl, who were college students hitchhiking in California

Answer 83

-one strength is that the prefrontal cortex in the brain is responsible for rational decision making like the ego. This is a strength as it is physical evidence supporting Freud's ideas.

Answer 84

-one weakness is that the theory is unscientific and lacks objective interpretation. For example, Freud did not conduct a study to support the tripartite personality and bases his ideas off case studies. This is a weakness as this theory is created subjectively based off Freud's interpretation.

Answer 85

-another strength is that research has found links between crime and childhood trauma. For example, Edmund Kemper the co-ed killer, had a dysfunctional relationship with his alcoholic mother. This is a strength as it is a real life example supporting Freud's ideas.

Answer 86

-another weakness is that it is based on research from case studies. For example, Freud used killer Edmund Kemper as his basis of the psychodynamic theory. This is a weakness as case studies often rely on subjective interpretations of data, which can introduce bias into the findings. Therefore, lacks validity.

Answer 87

-certain personality types are more likely to be criminal than others

Answer 88

-a series of traits that you have -you are born with a temperament but the environment can shape this

Answer 89

-questionnaire on 700 soldiers who were being treated for various issues at a hospital -concluded there are certain personality types that are more likely to commit crimes because they have certain traits

Answer 90

-extraversion to introversion scale -neurotic to stable scale -psychotic scale

Answer 91

-high psychotic -high extraversion -high neurotic

Answer 92

-Nick Leeson -was highly intelligent but very deceitful (psychotic) -traded with other people's money and enjoyed the excitement (extrovert) and the risk (neurotic) -he lost $1.3 billion of the bank's money and served 4 years in Singapore prison

Answer 93

-a weakness is that it relies on self report methods which ask people about their personality. For example, he used questionnaires to gather the 700 soldiers' responses. This is a weakness as they could of given socially desirable responses. Therefore, reduces the validity of the data.

Answer 94

-a strength is that tendencies towards criminal behaviour can be detected in childhood. For example, if a child is showing extraversion, signs of being psychotic and neurotic, we may be able to intervene early on. This is a strength as it allows for the research to be used in a helpful way, by possibly stopping crime before it has happened by knowing the indicators. Therefore, increases the validity of the personality theory.

Answer 95

-another weakness is that the theory suggested our personalities are fixed at birth. For example, a person who is naturally extraverted could become more introverted after a traumatic life event. This is a weakness as people's personality types can change throughout their life time. Therefore, reducing the validity of the personality theory.

Answer 96

-it serves a function for society -it teaches people boundaries

Answer 97

-it is inevitable as not every member of society can be equally committed to the shared norms and values -crime is functional (useful) and is only dysfunctional when there is too much of it (anomie) -if there is too much deviance and crime (anomie) and we must stop that to avoid losing social order -the function of crime is to strengthen social cohesion (willingness of members of society to cooperate with each other) -social cohesion is strengthened through boundary maintenance

Answer 98

boundary maintenance= -crime unites us, we come together and reinforce the norms and values we want to share structural theory= -a theory that looks at society as a whole function= -every institution of society is useful value consensus= -when people in society share norms and values and agree on what's right and wrong anomie= -when norms and values are no longer shared, crime gets out of control

Answer 99

-Shannon Matthews -was reported missing and was found 3 weeks later alive -kidnapping was planned by Karen Matthews (mother) and Michael Donovan (relative) to gain money from the publicity of the case -members of Moorside estate were united in expressing their views on crime -the organised searches for Shannon were displays of boundary maintenance and value consensus

Answer 100

-a strength is that it acknowledges that crime serves a beneficial function for society as a whole and can be applied to reactions of crime. For example, when there is crime, people come together to agree on a sanction. This is a strength as Durkheim's theory is applied to real life situations. Therefore, increases the validity.

Answer 101

-a weakness is that it fails to describe how much crime is functional or how crime occurs in the first place. For example, Durkheim explains how crime is needed in society, but now why it starts. This is a weakness as it largely focuses on impact of crimes, ignoring other important factors. Therefore, it is a reductionist theory.

Answer 102

-another weakness is that victims of crimes are ignored. For example, Shannon Matthews was ignored in her own case, with the main focus on the society's boundary maintenance. This is a weakness as this structural approach focuses more on the society than the individual. Therefore, reduces the validity.

Answer 103

-people are under strain -working class status can lead to more crime because the group are under more strain

Answer 104

-people turn to crime when they cannot achieve goals through legitimate means -everyone is under strain to try and achieve the American Dream (big house, good job, loving family) -most people conform and move towards the goal using legitimate means (studying, working, saving money) -some are so far off from the American Dream that the strain is too much -this is often for the working classes who have less wealth and opportunities to start with -these people may reject this goal or try and achieve it using illegitimate means (violence, theft, fraud)

Answer 105

-conformer -innovator -ritualist -retreatist -rebel

Answer 106

-accepts both the goals of society and the legitimate means of achieving them (a teacher who has worked up the career ladder)

Answer 107

-adapts through innovation -accept goals but use illegal methods of achieving them (gang member)

Answer 108

-give up on the goals and go through the ritual of following legitimate means (a student who goes to college every day but doesn't work or study)

Answer 109

-gives up on the goal and the legitimate means of achieving them (a drop out)

Answer 110

-rejects the goals and the means -aim to replace the American Dream with different goals and means of achieving them (a member of extinction rebellion)

Answer 111

-a weakness is that the working class don't all deviate. For example, the working class are under the most strain but not all of them commit crime, the rich commit crime too, even if they have achieved the goal. This is a weakness as it doesn't account for the working class that don't commit crime. Therefore, is a limited explanation of crime.

Answer 112

-a strength is that it does account for the social strains put upon the working classes. For example, the working class deal with the rising cost of living, housing, wages, healthcare etc. This is a strength as it provides a reason for working class crime, rather than blaming them for it. Therefore, increases the validity of the theory.

Answer 113

-another weakness is that Merton doesn't explain why some people rebel and why others innovate. For example, both reactions to strain do not achieve legitimately, but have different ways about it. This is a weakness as it doesn't tell us why people commit crime.

Answer 114

-another weakness is that ignores crime that does not achieve the American Dream. For example, vandalism, graffiti and state crimes. This is a weakness as these crimes can't be explained by Merton. Therefore, a limited explanation.

Answer 115

-the reason for crime is capitalism -capitalism is criminogenic

Answer 116

-Marxism is a macro and conflict theory -the upper class and the working class are in conflict with one another and this is what shapes society -capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership and control of the means of production and their operation for profit -capitalist society is divided into two classes: bourgeoisie (ruling class) and proletariat (working class) -the bourgeoisie have power and wealth and exploit the proletariats, who have nothing but labour -the police and the courts serve the bourgeoisie and white collar crime is ignored -burglary and street crime is highlighted as more serious

Answer 117

1. the exploitation of the proletariat drives many people into poverty, meaning they turn to crime to survive 2. capitalism constantly pushes consumerism at people through advertising, resulting in utilitarian crimes (theft to obtain goods) 3. capitalism causes crime among the bourgeoisie themselves as the profit motive promotes greed. This encourages the ruling class to commit corporate crimes to gain an advantage (tax evasion, breaking health and safety laws)

Answer 118

-William Chamblis argues that laws are made to protect the private property of the rich -there are laws against homeless people squatting in empty houses but no laws against the rich owning several houses and leaving them empty -Carson found that out of 200 criminal companies only 3 were prosecuted for breach of safety laws -shows the legal system protecting the upper classes

Answer 119

-Thalidomide -a drug for morning sickness that causes severe disability in babies -the company were in the wrong, but they were not convicted in court -victims fought for years for compensation

Answer 120

-one strength is that it can explain a wide range of crimes. For example, it demonstrates how capitalism promotes upper class crime as well as working class crime. This is a strength as it makes the theory more useful for criminologists. It can be applied to a wider range of cases.

Answer 121

-one weakness is that it ignores that some capitalist countries have very low crime rates. For example, Japan. This is a weakness because Marx claims that capitalism causes crime. This can't be the case if there are capitalist countries that don't have high crime rates.

Answer 122

-another weakness is that Marxism lacks validity. For example, there have been high profile prosecutions of white collar such as Bernie Madoff. This is a limitation as it shows that Marx may be wrong about the theory that the legal system protects those in power. There are many examples of the ruling classes being charged and brought to justice.

Answer 123

-another strength is that it shows how law making and enforcement are biased against the working classes. This is a strength as it gives more insight into our justice system.

Answer 124

-crime is caused by the labels we give people

Answer 125

-it is a micro theory -all crime is a social construction and is subjective -no such thing as a deviant act, only becomes deviant when others perceive it as deviant

Answer 126

primary deviance= -an act not publicly labelled secondary deviance= -when behaviour is labelled and has societal attention

Answer 127

-description of an individual based on appearance and traits which is often inaccurate

Answer 128

-where a person starts to internalise and act in line as the label given

Answer 129

-label takes over all aspects of you

Answer 130

-career in crime rather than a socially acceptable career

Answer 131

-groups value and reward deviant behaviour

Answer 132

-hippies casually used drugs and was not important to them -police's persecution and label of 'junkies' led them to retreat into closed groups -they developed a deviant subculture where drug use became a central activity -they became the deviants they were expected to be -labels lead to a deviancy amplification spiral

Answer 133

-one weakness is that it doesn't explain the motivation behind crimes in the first place. For example, it doesn't look at genetic features. This is a weakness as the reason for crime might not be the label given.

Answer 134

-another weakness is that it has the potential to make criminal behaviour seem acceptable. For example, murder isn't right unless we label it. This is a weakness as it is a limited explanation of crime.

Answer 135

-a third weakness is that labelling does not always lead to a self fulfilling prophecy. For example, labelling the person may motivate them to prove the label wrong. This is a weakness as it doesn't explain all types of crime.

Answer 136

-challenges functionalism and Marxism -behaviour is determined by the choices we make -everyone has free will

Answer 137

-crime occurs because of benefit dependency and an underclass

Answer 138

-the underclass (poor, no role models, single parents) -crime is due to the underclass who do not have bonds with society 1. young males from single parent households who commit crime to prove they are men 2. the welfare system contributing so people can choose not to spend their time working 3. social and cultural changes like the media will tempt 'at risk' individuals 4. the police need to do more

Answer 139

-offending is a rational choice -Clarke states the decision to commit crime is choice based on the likely consequences -if the rewards are greater than the costs, then the individual will continue to behave in a criminal way

Answer 140

-more law enforcement with a zero tolerance policy -more money into police (numbers, trainings) -the focus should be on the capture of the criminal

Answer 141

-crime is caused by inequalities in society (Jock Young)

Answer 142

-working class people commit the most crime, but they are also the main victims -most victims are disadvantaged groups such as the working class and ethnic minorities 1. people value the idea of materialism (consideration that material possessions are important) 2. people feel relative deprivation and feel marginalised 3. people turn to crime to get a sense of worth and the material products they see the wealthy getting

Answer 143

-one strength is that it has helped produce and shape the government's policies on crime. For example, zero tolerance policing is a legitimate policy introduced into society based off right realism. This is a strength as it has practical application, therefore increasing the validity of right realism as a theory.

Answer 144

-one weakness is if we did reduce benefits, crime may get worse. For example, the welfare system provides families with support when they are struggling with paying bills and affording food. This is a weakness as without this financial aid, people possibly may have to resort to stealing to provide food/needed items for their family. Therefore, reduces the validity of right realism as a theory.

Answer 145

-one strength is that it explores the role of the victim of crime. For example, the approach shows understanding of the working class being the main victims of crime, especially the poor and the vulnerable. This is a strength as it provides a positive outlook on the working class, therefore increases the validity of left realism as a policy.

Answer 146

-one weakness is that it doesn't explain why many people in relative deprivation do not turn to crime. For example, some people work hard to turn their lives around once in relative deprivation. This is a weakness as it doesn't account for all working class cases, therefore reduces the validity of left realism as a policy.

Answer 147

-when a married person has an affair outside of their marriage -adultery is legal in the UK and other European countries -adultery is illegal in Islamic countries, like Saudi Arabia and half the states in the US -this is due to: religion, the bible and Quran say it's a sin status of women, some are seen as property of the husband

Answer 148

-crime committed in response to 'shame' being brought upon the family -honour crime is dealt with leniently in South Asia and the Middle East -honour crime is illegal in UK, USA and Europe -this is due to: Islamic religions not condoning the crime but arguing it on religious grounds tribal customs

Answer 149

-same sex relationships and the LGBTQ+ community -homosexuality is legal in UK and majority of countries -homosexuality is illegal in 64 countries like India, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria -this is due to: a shift in attitudes and beliefs religion, bible and Quran say it's a sin