Unit Two Flashcards
Hydrolysis
a water molecule is consumed to break covalent bonds
pyruvate
found in both plant and animal cells
Ribose
five carbon sugar
alpha d glucose
six carbon sugar, carbon 1 has a downward facing carboxyl group
beta d glucose
six carbon sugar, carbon 1 has an upward carboxyl
enzyme
Protein, catalyzes a reaction without being used up in the reaction (interacts not reacts)
catalyst
something that speeds up a reaction, wont cause a reaction that wouldn’t naturally occur without said catalyst
phospholipid
- has a phosphate group, 2 fatty acid chains and a glycerol backbone.
- made up of C O H and P
- its ‘head’ is a hydrophobic & non polar phosphate group
triglyceride
- fats and oils
- C O and H
- hydrophobic & non-polar
-glycerol, hydroxyl group and three fatty acid chains
Anabolism
- constructive metabolism
- synthesis of complex molecules
Lactose
- found in animal milk
- disaccharide
- glucose + galactose
Monosaccharide
- building blocks of carbohydrates
- 3, 5 and 6 carbon sugars
- ex: glucose
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
a fatty acid chain with at least one double bond between carbons
BMI Equation
Weight (KG) / Height^2 (M)
glycogen
- found in animal livers
- alpha d glucose with 1,4 & 1,6 linkages
- BRANCHED
cellulose
- structural, found in plants
- made up of beta d glucoses
- only 1,4 linkages
- unbranched
Starch
has two forms, amylose and amylopectin
Amylose
- made up of alpha glucose
- 1,4 linkages only (unbranched)
Amylopectin
- alpha glucose
- 1,4 and 1,6 linkages (Branched)
Amino Acid
Nitrogen surrounded with an R group, a carboxyl and an amine group
Denaturation
A structural change of a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties
Proteome
The unique set of proteins produces by an individual
Proteins
Are kinda wack
Globular Proteins
spherical and water soluble
linear proteins
linear and non soluable
Substrate
What’s being fit into and synthesized by an enzyme
Active site
The location on an enzyme that synthesizes the substrate.
metabolism
the sum of all enzyme mediated reactions in cells [M=A+C]
anabolism
part of metabolism using condensation reactions
Ex: photosynthesis and DNA replication
catabolism
- breakdown part of metabolism
- releases energy
- Ex: digestion and cell respiration
monosaccharides
building blocks of carbohydrates
amino acid
building blocks of proteins
nucleotides
building blocks of nucleic acids
lipids
not a polymer, build from fatty acids
Carbohydrates
- water soluble and polar molecules
- classified according to complexity
saturated fatty acids
fatty acids with the max number of hydrogen; no double bonded carbon atoms
saturated fatty acids
- solid at room temp
- straight molecule
- no double bonded carbon
monounsaturated fatty acids
- has one double bond in a fatty acid chain
- kink at the fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid
- at least two carbon bonds in the carbons of a fatty acid chain
- liquid at room temp
- very bendy
Hydrogenation
process by which cis and trans fatty acids are formed
cis fatty acid
- unsaturated fatty acids
- hydrogen bonds are on the same side of a double bond
- kinked
trans fatty acid
- unsaturated fatty acids
- manufactured in a lab
- hydrogen bonds are on the opposite sides of double carbon bonds
- straight chain
- tres mal.
Esther Linkage
the linkage of glycerol to the fatty acid chains via the hydroxyl group
Proteins
- made of C H O N and sometimes S
- vary based on the sequence of amino acids
- the creation is moderated by DNA coding
Rubisco
protein functioning in phot synthesis
hemoglobin
protein that transports oxygen around the body
immunoglobulins
antibodies (protective function of proteins)
Actin + Myosin
contractive proteins in muscles
collegen
connective tissue
insulin
regulates glucose levels
rhodopsin
allows for sight
Activation Energy
energy needed to trigger the formation of new bonds
