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SL Biology > Unit Two > Flashcards

Unit Two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particles of all elements. These are single units. A collection of the same atoms, makes an element.

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2
Q

Molecule

A

A combination of atoms. Will have different properties than its individual atoms.

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the reactions that take place inside of your body

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

Reactions that make macromolecules (bigger molecules) from monomers (single units)

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

Reactions that make smaller molecules from macromolecules (bigger molecules)

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6
Q

Molecular Biology

A

Explains living processes (like breaking down food) in terms of the chemical substances involved

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7
Q

Polarity

A

The quality or condition inherent in a body that exhibits opposite properties or powers in opposite parts or directions or that exhibits contrasted properties or powers in contrasted parts or directions

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8
Q

Polar

A

(also called HYDROPHILIC) substances are attracted to water and can dissolve.

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9
Q

Nonpolar

A

(also called HYDROPHOBIC) substances do not like water and cannot dissolve.

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10
Q

Cohesion

A

Water sticks to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonds that form between them.

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11
Q

Adhesion

A

Water sticks to other polar substances due to its polarity.

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12
Q

Thermal Properties

A

Due to hydrogen bonding, water has a high melting point and boiling point (heat of vaporization), which makes it liquid in most habitats on earth!

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13
Q

Solvent Properties

A

Many substances dissolve in water due to its polarity and hydrogen bonding, making water the medium for almost all biological reactions.

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14
Q

Condesation Reaction

A

Anabolism

Two molecules join together to form a larger molecule + a molecule of water.

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15
Q

Hydrolysis Reactions

A

Catabolism

A larger molecule breaks down into smaller molecules with the use of a molecule of water.

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16
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Disaccharides & Polysaccharides
Short term energy
(ex. Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose)
CHO

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17
Q

Lipids

A

Triglycerides & Fatty Acids
often used as energy storage (fat) - and provide long-term energy!
(ex. Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Steriods)
CHO

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18
Q

Amino Acid

A

Monomer of a protein

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19
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids linked together

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20
Q

Protein/Polypeptide

A

Many amino acids linked together

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21
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The bond that holds the two amino acids together

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22
Q

Amino Acid Components

A

1) Central Carbon
2) Hydrogen atom
3) Amine group (-NH2 )
4) Carboxyl group (-COOH)
5) R group or radical (R).

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23
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes/DNA present in a living organism.

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24
Q

Proteome

A

All of the proteins are produced by a cell, a tissue, or an organism.

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25
Q

Primary (1°) Structure

A

Sequence of amino acids

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26
Q

Secondary (2°) Structure

A

Hydrogen bonding between amino acids leads to either 𝛂-helices or 𝛃-pleated sheets.

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27
Q

Tertiary (3°) Structure

A

3D folding of protein

28
Q

Quaternary (4°) Structure

A

Two or more polypeptide chains fit together to make one large protein.

29
Q

Denaturation

A

When the protein conformation/structure is damaged.

30
Q

Heat (Denaturation)

A

Causes vibrations that break intramolecular bonds and change protein structure.

31
Q

pH (Denaturation)

A

Every protein has an “optimum” pH, when the pH of the environment varies too greatly, the intramolecular bonds in a protein will break.

32
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein molecules in cells work as biological catalysts

Speed up chemical reactions in the body but do not get used up in the process, therefore can be used over and over again.

33
Q

Substrate

A

A reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

34
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex.

A

When the enzyme and substrate bind together

35
Q

DNA

A

Stores genetic information
Is UNIVERSAL - all living things use it.
Holds “code” that tells cells what proteins to make

36
Q

DNA Structure

A

2 anti-parallel strands - form a double helix

Both made of a chain of nucleotides

37
Q

Nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogenous Base

38
Q

Nitrogenous

A

4 Bases
2 Purines: 2 Pyrimidines:
Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

39
Q

RNA

A 
A single-stranded nucleic acid
Contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)
Both U and T are pyrimidines.
3 Types
mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomal)
40
Q

The Cell Cycle

A 
Our lives are NOT a cycle (we live and then we die), but a cell’s life IS a cycle!
 5 stages:
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
41
Q

DNA Replication

A

Copies the genetic information of a cell.
Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand.
DNA replication is semi-conservative, starts at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes, and DNA polymerases can find and correct errors.

42
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA –> Transcription –> RNA –> Translation –> Protein

43
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase

44
Q

Gene

A

The sequence of DNA that is transcribed into RNA is called a gene

45
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips the DNA double helix

46
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Rebuilds the DNA strands, making two new copies.

47
Q

Translation

A

The synthesis of polypeptides (proteins) on ribosomes.
mRNA leaves the nucleus and reaches the ribosome (in the cytoplasm!).
•Ribosome “reads” bases on mRNA to make a protein

48
Q

Codon

A

A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA
•Each codon will tell the ribosome to add a specific amino acid to the growing protein
Codons tell the ribosome what ingredients they need to make the protein

49
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in a DNA sequence (the order of nucleotides or base sequence)

50
Q

Point

A

Involves a change in one base

51
Q

Frameshift

A

A change in the DNA that causes the reading frame to move.

52
Q

Deletion Mutation

A

When a base is deleted from the DNA sequence.

→ not enough bases, shifts reading frame.

53
Q

Insertion Mutation

A

When a base is inserted into the DNA sequence.

→ too many bases, can shift the reading frame and make a nonsense protein.

54
Q

Substitution Mutation

A

One base is substituted for another.

→ can result in the wrong amino acid

55
Q

Inversion

A

When a broken segment of the chromosome is inserted in reverse order.

56
Q

Deletion

A

When part of the chromosome is lost.

57
Q

Duplication

A

When a segment of the chromosome gets copied and doubled up.

58
Q

Translocation

A

When a part of a nonhomologous chromosome gets moved to another chromosome

59
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.

60
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.

61
Q

Combustion

A

Breaks down glucose in a single, uncontrolled step! All of the energy is released as heat rather than being harnessed into ATP.

62
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Proceeds in the absence of oxygen and does not result in the production of any further ATP molecules.

63
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Requires the presence of oxygen and takes place within the mitochondrion

64
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy.

65
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

66
Q

Absorption Spectrum

A

Wavelengths absorbed by each type of pigment

67
Q

Action Spectrum

A

Overall rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength

SL Biology (3 decks)

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