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APES > Unit (Topics 1-6) > Flashcards

Unit (Topics 1-6) Flashcards

1
Q

Why are fossil fuels considered non renewable?

A

they are being consumed faster than they are replenished

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2
Q

Which fossil fuels is a gaseous form of anaerobic decomposition?

A

natural gas

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3
Q

What is the most cleanly burned fossil fuels?

A

natural gas

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4
Q

What happens at an oil refinery?

A

oil is separated into its component parts

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5
Q

How can natural gas be extracted?

A

fracking

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6
Q

What was the largest oil spill in history?

A

Deep Water Horizon

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7
Q

How can the location and size of fossil fuels deposits be determined?

A

drilling rock cores

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8
Q

What does burning fossil fuels do to affect rain? What chemicals are released?

A

acid rain; sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

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9
Q

What is the estimation of a countries peak then fall of oil called?

A

peak oil

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10
Q

What is the leading fossil fuels used in electricity production in the US?

A

coal

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11
Q

When did the earliest use of coal happen?

A

By Native Americans; cooking and heating

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12
Q

Where does the US import most of its oil?

A

Canada

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13
Q

What is the primary compound found in natural gas?

A

methane

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14
Q

How do you calculate EROI?

A

divide energy returned by energy invested

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15
Q

Which EROI is better, 5:2 or 7:2?

A

7:2

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16
Q

How much oil can primary extraction leave below the ground?

A

2/3

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17
Q

What is a risk of the Keystone XL pipeline from Canada to Nebraska?

A

Pollution of the Ogallala Aquifer in the Great Plains region

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18
Q

What can cause problems in offshore drilling in the Arctic?

A

harsh and cold weather

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19
Q

How can we conserve energy in the US?

A

personal actions and new technologies

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20
Q

What is the leading global source of energy?

A

oil

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21
Q

What is proven recoverable reserve?

A

the amount of fossil fuels that is technologically and economically feasible to remove

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22
Q

What are oil sands?

A

deposits of moist sand and clay that contain 1-20% of bitumen (thick petroleum)

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23
Q

What is a project that worked on harvesting oil sands?

A

Keystone XL pipeline

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24
Q

What are ways to extend fossil fuels extraction and reserves?

A

Mountaintop removal, secondary extraction, hydraulic fracking

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25
Q

What is the EROI of oil sands, oil shale, and methane hydrate?

A

very low

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26
Q

Is oil evenly distributed around the world?

A

no

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27
Q

What is cogeneration?

A

capturing the excess heat from generating electricity, and using it to heat nearby homes and offices

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28
Q

What is the ultimate source of earth’s energy?

A

the sun

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29
Q

What type of rock is most likely to contain fossil fuels?

A

sedimentary

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30
Q

How much of the conventional oil reserves has we already used?

A

est. 50%

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31
Q

How long does it take for fossil fuels to form?

A

millions of years

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32
Q

Where did the Deep Water Horizon spill take place?

A

Gulf of Mexico

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33
Q

What are the negatives of fracking?

A

increased seismic activity (earthquakes)
water contamination
leakage of methane into the atmosphere
and more

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34
Q

What is the main way to transport oil and coal?

A

train

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35
Q

What compounds from fossil fuels can cause cancer in humans?

A

benzene and toluene

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36
Q

What product is produced in the greatest quantity from refining crude oil?

A

gasoline

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37
Q

How is fossil fuels energy used in cars and power plants?

A

combustion

38
Q

What is syngas?

A

a cleaner form of synthetic gas

39
Q

How do we use the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy on our planet?

A

transportation, manufacturing, heating, cooking, and many other processes that involve the need to generate electricity and use energy

40
Q

What are the non renewable sources of energy?

A

coal - It is a solid fossil fuel that is extracted from the ground
oil - It is a liquid fossil fuel that is extracted from the ground
natural gas - It is a gas fossil fuel that is extracted from the ground
nuclear energy - This can be found as energy in the atomic nuclei of Uranium

41
Q

What are the renewable sources of energy?

A

Biomass - Energy derived from plant matter from the process of photosynthesis
Hydropower - Energy harnessed from running water
Solar Energy - Energy from direct sunlight and UV rays. It also controls many of the other sources of renewable energy, through the water cycle, photosynthesis, and wind patterns
Wind Energy - Energy harnessed from the movement of wind
Geothermal Energy - Energy from Earth’s internal core that rises up
Tidal and Wave Energy- Energy harnessed from the tides, waves, and movement of the ocean

42
Q

Which energy sources are considered perpetually renewable?

A

solar, geothermal, and tidal

43
Q

How has the consumption of fossil fuels changed from the industrial revolution to the present? Why are they favored sources of energy?

A

During the industrial revolution, fossil fuels began to replace biomass as the primary source of energy used.
This period of time has contributed to the rapid increase of fossil fuel usage.
Fossil fuels are favored sources of energy because they have a high energy content which is more efficient to burn, ship, and store.

44
Q

Which nations have the biggest reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas?

A

Coal- United States
Oil- Venezuela
Natural gas- Russia

45
Q

What is the secondary form of energy generated from fossil fuels?

A

electricity

46
Q

How do industrial nations vary from industrializing nations in their use of energy?

A

Industrial nations use more fossil fuels than industrializing nations.
People of industrialized regions have significantly higher energy consumption levels than industrializing nations.

47
Q

Generally, how are some of the energy sources used in the US?

A

Oil - Transportation, Industrial, Commercial, Residential, Electricity
Natural Gas - Industrial, Electricity, Residential, Commercial, Transportation
Coal - Electricity, Industrial, Commercial
Nuclear - Electricity generation for Industrial, Commercial, and Residential, Transportation
Renewables - Electricity, Transportation, Industrial, Residential, Commercial

48
Q

What is EROI?

A

Energy returned on investment; describes a parameter in which the energy returned is divided by the energy invested to calculate the benefit of using different types of fuels

49
Q

Is is best to have a higher or lower EROI?

A

higher

50
Q

What are two solutions for increasing our reach for fossil fuels?

A

Oil and gas wells are being dug deeper into the surface, and with new technology, are reaching new depths. This will open up a once unreachable space where more fossil fuels can be found.
New resources are starting to be tapped for fuels, such as oil sands. This can take the pressure off of existing sources, and distribute our tapping for fossil fuels among many sources.

51
Q

What is net energy?

A

energy returned minus energy invested

52
Q

What is a BTU?

A

Unit of Measuring the amount of energy in fuels; the amount of heat needed to raise one pound of water at maximum density through one degree Fahrenheit, equivalent to 1.055 × 10^3 joules

53
Q

What is an anaerobic environment?

A

little to no oxygen

54
Q

Negative effects of wood:

A

Leads to deforestation, erosion, soil degradation, increased atmospheric carbon, decreased precipitation
Respiratory illnesses, such as asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, and general trouble breathing if used without proper ventilation

54
Q

What is wood?

A

biomass of a tree; heating, lighting, cooking, housing; grown trees being cut down; global distribution; major in developing countries

55
Q

What is charcoal?

A

the product of burning wood; a lightweight residue, oftentimes black and flaky; heating and cooking; heating all of the water out of wood till it dries out completely; global distribution

56
Q

Negative effects of charcoal:

A

Leads to deforestation, increased atmospheric carbon, Respiratory illnesses, such as asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, and general trouble breathing if used without proper ventilation

57
Q

What is peat?

A

partially decomposed organic matter that tends to be low in oxygen and other soil nutrients; heating and cooking; Found in soil where organic material does not decay fully, and the soil is anaerobic and nutrient deficient; used worldwide, and commonly used in northern countries like Russia, Canada, and Scandinavia

58
Q

Negative effects of peat:

A

Respiratory illnesses, such as asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, and general trouble breathing if used without proper ventilation

59
Q

What is crude oil?

A

unrefined oil extracted from the ground
- hydrocarbons
gasoline and fuel for modes of transportation, petroleum products, oil; the heat and pressure that was subjected on dead organic organisms, which turned into fossil fuels; mostly in Middle East, Canada, Venezuela, Russia, US

60
Q

Negative effects of crude oil:

A

leads to the pollution of land, air, and water if not properly used and stored
cancer causing agents

61
Q

What is natural gas?

A

gas consisting primarily of methane (CH4) and other volatile hydrocarbons; water heating, cooking, lighting; the gas created from burning fossil fuels; farts; dead organic material; feces; mainly in Russia and the US

62
Q

Negative effects of natural gas:

A

leads to increased atmospheric carbon, air pollution, and smog
greenhouse gas use
ground level ozone

63
Q

Negative effects of petroleum:

A

pollution of the air and water, increases carbon in the atmosphere

63
Q

What is petroleum?

A

can refer to oils, but also a collective pairing of oil and gas; transportation, heating, electricity, used in plastics, asphalt, cleaning supplies; a combination of crude oil and natural gas/methane; In the Middle East, Canada, United States, Russia

64
Q

What is nuclear energy?

A

ores of uranium; electrical energy, power for desalination, heating for refining metals, helps to produce clean fuel for transportation vehicles; When uranium atoms are split in fission; High reserves of uranium in Australia, Kazakhstan, Canada, Namibia, and more. Also prominent in Europe, the US, and China

65
Q

Negative effects of nuclear energy:

A

radioactive waste is toxic to living things and can leach into the environment and pollute the air and water.

66
Q

What is coal?

A

hard, blackish substance formed from woody organic matter compressed into dense, solid carbon structures; gives power plants a source of electricity; when dead organic plant matter undergoes heat and pressure to form an ore; Prominent in Europe, the US, Russia, and China.

67
Q

Negative effects of coal:

A

pollution of the air, water, and land; increases the risk of a respiratory illness; smog

68
Q

What is coke?

A

a more powdery coal; used in reducing iron ore into iron; when coal, gas, and water come together with carbon and ash; worldwide distribution

69
Q

Negative effects of coke:

A

increased carbon emissions

70
Q

What happens the more coal is compressed?

A

The more coal is compressed, the denser its carbon content, and the greater its energy content per unit volume.

71
Q

What are the types of coal?

A

Lignite- low heat, low sulfur, high moisture
Bituminous- most commonly used- high heat, high sulfur
Anthracite- Best quality, high heat, low sulfur and other impurities

72
Q

List the types of coal in order from best to worst based on their heat capacity and sulfur content

A

Anthracite
Bituminous
Lignite

73
Q

What is oil shale?

A

it is a sedimentary rock filled with organic matter that can be processed into shale oil. This primarily occurs in areas not deep enough to subject enough pressure and temperature to create oil. Found in many countries like the US.

74
Q

How are fossil fuels formed?

A

When photosynthetic organisms die, they can undergo immense pressure and heat in an anaerobic environment underground. After millions of years in this environment, they turn into fossil fuels.

75
Q

What is methane hydrate?

A

is a solid consisting of molecules of methane embedded in a crystal lattice of water molecules. It is found in marine sediments in polar regions (Arctic), deep ocean areas, and the ocean floor.

76
Q

How is crude oil refined?

A

-refined through a process that separates the particles by size called fractional distillation.
-made of hundreds of hydrocarbons, heated at high temperatures
-unneeded particulate matter evaporates and leaves the wanted particles that are heated at gradually lower temperatures until the oil is refined.
-each temperature can produce different byproducts like fuel oil, lubricating oil, diesel, kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, and butane.

77
Q

What is the chemical equation for combustion?

A

Fuel + O2 —🡪 CO2 + H20

78
Q

How is coal used to produce energy?

A

-combustion which turns water to steam.
-coal is mined (usually from mountaintop removal) and pulverized and blown into a furnace to remove impurities.
-heat from burning it is used to create steam.
-The steam rotates a turbine, which rotates magnets past a copper coil. This generates electricity which gets distributed to many different industries. The steam is then cooled and returned, and toxic pollutants are filtered out of the combustion process.

79
Q

What are some problems associated with burning coal?

A

acid mine drainage, destruction of habitat from mining, leaching of tailings into the surrounding area, increased respiratory illnesses, increased water usage, increased atmospheric carbon, and air and water pollution

80
Q

What are the three major products of crude oil refinement?

A

Gasoline (48.6%)
Diesel Fuel and Heating Oil (25%)
Jet Fuel (8.7%)

81
Q

What are some environmental problems associated with burning fossil fuels?

A

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
Ocean acidification resulting from an increase in carbon
Habitat disruption and pollution from ash and smog
acid mine drainage (mining problems)

82
Q

What is the R/P ratio? How do you calculate it?

A

Analysts calculate the reserves-to-production ratio, or R/P ratio, by dividing the total remaining reserves by the annual rate of production.

83
Q

What is the R/P in years of oil, coal, and natural gas?

A

53 years remaining in oil reserves,
54 years for natural gas,
110 years for coal, at the current rate of production

84
Q

What will change the outcomes of R/P ratios?

A

Depending on the rate of demand, production, or the levels of the reserve, the outcome of these numbers can change. Proposed solutions, like tight oil, that will increase our reserve. This would increase the amount of time. If we do not find solutions to increasing reserves, eventually the reserves will reach a peak, and then rapidly decline. This will cause shortages.
Also, expanding our reach and relying on alternate energy sources.

85
Q

What are clean oil technologies?

A

Clean oil technologies are any techniques, equipment, and approaches that remove chemical contaminants that arise from the generation of electricity from coal. This can involve using minerals to combat the toxic compounds made, or convert the coal to synthesis gas (called syngas) so it burns cleaner.

86
Q

What are some negative effects on humans health that fossil fuels cause?

A

-Cancer causing hydrocarbons are released when burning fossil fuels. Benzene and toluene are the most prominent ones.
-When coal combusts, it emits mercury. This can enter the environment and biomagnify throughout the food chain. It can eventually lead to poisoning in humans through food.
-Vehicles and power plants release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides when they burn fossil fuels to make energy. This can enter the atmosphere, and it can cause acid precipitation.

87
Q

What is the process of carbon capture?

A

Carbon capture is when carbon dioxide emissions are caught before they enter the atmosphere. They are converted from their gas form to liquid forms. This makes it easier to be stored in the ocean or underground in a geologically sound rock formation. Can trigger earthquakes and lead to water pollution, so it is not very reputable. Has a low EROI.

88
Q

Look at questions 6, 7, 8 on last WS and go over formulas for the test, slides 55-75

A

good

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