Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL1010 > UNIT THREE > Flashcards

UNIT THREE Flashcards

1
Q

what does natural selection need to succeed?

A

heritable variation
excess production
differential success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what did Linnaeus do?

A

“father of taxonomy” proposed nested classification of genus, genus, family, order, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what did Lamarack do?

A

observed progression of species in fossils (suggested modification)
said that the world has separate lineages that strive for perfection/complexity by using the use and disuse of parts and inheritance of acquired characteristics (this is not well supported)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of natural selection?

A
  • warfarin use (stops blood clotting) increases gene mutation that causes warfarin resistance in rats, even though the mutation is harmful (shows editing rather than creative mechanism and time/place contingency)
  • soapberry bugs feed on juice inside fruit, they developed shorter beaks when flatter fruit became more common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

evidence of a tree of life?

A

vestibular structures
molecular homologies (similarity from a common ancestor)
biogeography
the fossil record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are vestibular structures?

A

structures that have little to no function are are derived from a more complex structure (hind-limb bones in whales)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is an example of a molecular homology?

A

the universal genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is biography in evolution?

A

some taxa are restricted to one location (endemic because of a common ancesto

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a population?

A

an interbreeding and interacting group of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the two types of gene pools?

A

polymorphic loci (two plus alleles at differing frequencies)
fixed alleles (home population is homozygous at locus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the Hardy-Weinburg principle?

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
(if this works the population is at Hardy-Weingburg equilibrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the assumptions for the Hardy-Weingburg principle to work?

A

new generation’s alleles are the same as the parent generation’s
no mutations
no natural selection
no migration
very large (infinite) population size
random mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does genetic variation happen?

A

mutation
gene flow (other populations)
microevolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the types of mutation in evolution and how common are they?

A

neutral - most
deleterious - some
beneficial - very few

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is microevolution?

A

change (fixation or loss) in allele frequencies over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the causes of microevolution?

A

natural selection
gene flow
genetic drift
genetic bottlenecking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

random changes in frequency that can lead to fixation or extinction
(more common in smaller populations, chance of fixation = frequency (theoretically))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is genetic bottlenecking?

A

when the population gets very small which causes low genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the founder effect?

A

after genetic bottlenecking rare alleles become much more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is selection pressure?

A

what is placed on the “bad” genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is relative fitness?

A

what the “good” genes have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is polygenic inheritance?

A

when one phenotype is influenced by multiple genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is quantitative character?

A

a smooth range of phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is directional selection?

A

when one end is selected against (often caused by environment changes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is stabilizing selection?

A

when the extremes are selected against (often caused by opposing selective forces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is disruptive selection?

A

intermediates are selected against (role in some speciation events)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

when organisms compete for mating abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is intrasexual selection?

A

competition with one sex (men) for mating abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is intersexual selection?

A

one sex (women) choose mate from competitors

30
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

an adaptation that benefits one sex but both would suffer potential survival costs

31
Q

what is speciation?

A

when populations of one species evolve separately to become separate species

32
Q

what is allopathic speciation?

A

geographic barrier blocks gene flow, new habitat with different natural selections

33
Q

what happens when species with partial reproductive barriers established create hybrids?

A

fusion
reinforcement
long lasting hybrid zone

34
Q

what is fusion in speciation?

A

two species produce high fitness hybrids and merge into one species

35
Q

what is reinforcement in speciation?

A

two species create low fitness hybrids and natural selection ends hybridization and species stay separate

36
Q

what is the long-lasting hybrid zone?

A

hybrids of the two species are uncommon or have variable fitness

37
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

new species evolving within one geographic location, like parasites host switching or disruptive selection that favours reproductive barriers

38
Q

what is polyploid speciation?

A

when two species have usually sterile/unviable hybrids but have a mitotic error that makes the hybrids viable/fertile and the form new species

39
Q

what is one exception to the tree of life?

A

polyploid speciation

40
Q

what are reproductive barriers?

A

inhibit gene flow, may arise accidentally or evolve through natural selection

41
Q

what are the two types of reproductive barrier?

A

prezyogtic (before fertilization) and postzygotic (after fertilization)

42
Q

what are the types of prezyogtic barriers?

A

habitat isolation
temporal isolation (mate at different times)
behavioural isolation
mechanical isolation (no fertilization occurs)
gamete isolation (no zygote produced)

43
Q

what are the types of postzygotic barriers?

A

hybrid inviability
hybrid infertility
hybrid breakdown (second generation of hybrids are inviable/infertile)

44
Q

what are systematics?

A

study of the diversity of life

45
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

the study of classification

46
Q

what are the two types of phylogenetic tree?

A

cladogram - branch lengths don’t matter
phylogram - branch lengths represent inferred amount of evolutionary change

47
Q

what is a monophyletic group?

A

an ancestor and ALL descendents

48
Q

what is a paraphyletic group?

A

an ancestor and SOME descendants

49
Q

what is a polyphyletic group?

A

two or more groups artificially grouped together without common ancestors

50
Q

what is cluadistic reasoning?

A

examine different characteristics and make character matrix or table to see shared derived states (imply relationships)

51
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

two similar species developing separately with no common ancestors

52
Q

what is parsimony?

A

the theory that the most correct phylogenetic tree has the fewest evolutionary changes

53
Q

what is the fossil record?

A

provides info on past ecosystems and is found in sedentary rock
index fossils = useful for dating

54
Q

what are the eras in the phanerozoic eon?

A

paleozoic
mesozoic
cenzoic

55
Q

what is the geological record?

A

the earth is 4.6 b years old, microbial life arose 3.5 b years ago, animals and plants developed 550 m years ago

56
Q

what is the end-permean mass extinction?

A

about 250 million years ago
90% species extinct
50% families extinct

57
Q

what is the end-cretaceous mass extinction?

A

about 65 million years ago
50% species extinct
dinosaurs

58
Q

what are adaptive radiations?

A

rapid speciation events in underexploited habitats, can be regional (50+ plant species from 1 ancestor in Hawaii) or worldwide (after mass extinctions)

59
Q

what are complex adaptations?

A

functioning intermediates
modification of existing structures
larger (than darwinian) steps like gene duplication

60
Q

what is an example of developmental regualtion?

A

mutations in developmental genes
example: homeotic genes (homeotic fruit flies have two torsos)
genes can duplicate in chromosomes and have independent evolutionary change (paralogs)

61
Q

what is the three domain scheme?

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (most all microbial, fist two are prokaryotic)

62
Q

what are prokaryotes?

A

3.5 b years old, are most of the biological activity in many ecosystems
bacteria and archaea

63
Q

what are some types of bacteria?

A

spirochetes
gram-positive bacteria (no outer membrane)
cyanobacteria (photoautotrophs)
proteobacteria

64
Q

what are bacteria’s cell envelople

A

and outer membrane, plasma membrane, and a peptidoglycan wall in between

65
Q

what are archaea?

A

most are extremolphiles or methagens
have no outer membrane or peptidoglycan wall

66
Q

how did eukaryotic cells evolve from prokaryotic cells?

A

endomembrane system evolved conventionally
endocybiotic alphasproteobacterium becomes the mitochondrion
endosymbiosis cyanobacterium becomes the plastid

67
Q

what are protists?

A

they are prokaryotic cell’s main predictor, they causes disease, and can photosynthesize

68
Q

what was the most recent era?

A

cretaceous era

69
Q

what is a shared trait between archaea and eukaryotes?

A

organelles of endosymbiotic origin

70
Q

what did the genome of a plastid evolve from?

A

the genome of a cyanobacteria

BIOL1010 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions