Unit test #2

Question 1

之

Answer 1

1. verb meaning “to go”
2. object pronoun
3. conjunction marking the subordinate (adjunct +head-word)

Question 2

normal word order

Answer 2

SVO

Modifier before modified

Question 3

noun phrases

Answer 3

Coordinate (N&N), Subordinate: Type A (stative verb+N), Type B (N+N): Possessive or Attributive

Question 4

verb phrases

Answer 4

(neg+) verb (+obj)

Question 5

verb sentences

Answer 5

NP+VP (NP[if present] is the subject VP is the predicate)

Question 6

乎

Answer 6

a verbal sentence can be made in to an interrogative sentence by adding the interrogative particle 乎 at the end.

Question 7

不

Answer 7

－commonest negative, negates entire VP
－it cannot be used in imperative sentences ( needs an S)
Example: 不见王 is only “he did not see the king” NOT “Do not have audience with the king”
－不+verb without an object, there may not be obj intended

Question 8

cases of preposing

Answer 8

－if a pronoun is in the object position and the sentence is negative, the object will be placed (preposed) in front of the verb
S+(neg)+O+V
－interrogative pronouns is the obj it also prepose before the v

Question 9

弗

Answer 9

＊天子不之食
is wrong because *不之 is ALMOST always translated as 弗 ==> 天子弗之食
- 弗 has the possibility of having a 之 hidden it, 弗＝不之
so 弗食 should be “he did not eat [it]” not just “he was not eating

Question 10

有 vs 无

Answer 10

有 and 无 are opposites (to have/ to not have)
however when the subject of either verb is a place/time/domain(frame of reference) the best translations are
有＝ “there is” “there are”
无= “there is no” “there are no”

Question 11

多 and 小

Answer 11

多”have a lot of” “there are many” and 小 “have little of” “there are few” are verb/stative verbs in Classical and some times replace 有 and 无 in sentences

Question 12

verb phrases in series

Answer 12

VP+VP
有山有水 (coordinate relationship) landscapes
有君无臣（contrastive）There is a lord BUT no vessels
求仁得仁 （temporal…ren) “when” seeking==>obtaining
天无二日，民无二王 （alogical) just as there are not two suns in the sky, [so] the people do not have two kings

Question 13

verb phrase adjuncts

Answer 13

VP(adjunct)+link+NP(head)= the NP is modified by the VP
modifier(VP)+link+modified(NP)
求王之人 无君之国

Question 14

Nouns acting as verbs

Answer 14

• to behave in the way that is proper for a [noun in question]
• to treat/regard [object] as [noun in question]
• to make [object] into [noun in question]

Question 15

nominal sentences

Answer 15

a sentence usually written without a coupula or verb “to be”.
也 itself does not mean “to be”, it is a particle or function word
in an assertive particle it is used to mark affirmations
(A) B 也 人也 He was a man
(A) 非 B (也）

Question 16

common adverbs

Answer 16

必－certainly,necessarily
相－each other, mutually (replaces obj)
皆－all
莫－in no case, none, no one
自－reflexive adverb of action by or on oneself

Question 17

自

Answer 17

reflexive adverb of action by or on oneself

Question 18

time expressions

Answer 18

(left periphery +)(subject +)(pre-predicate +) predicate
今 meaning changes based on its position
left periphery= has wide scope over the sentence (今 means ‘‘nowadays” or “at present’)
pre-predicate= the scope of effect is limited to the predicate (今 means “from now on”)

Question 19

何

Answer 19

1. adverb meaning “how” or “why”

2. interogative pronoun meaning “what”

Question 20

安

Answer 20

interrogative pronoun meaning “where”

Question 21

孰

Answer 21

interrogative pronoun meaning “who/which/what”

Question 22

而

Answer 22

VP1而VP2

1. circumstantial
2. coordinate
3. contrastive

Question 23

可 + V

Answer 23

creates a passive sentence

Question 24

则

Answer 24

conjunction that is similar to 就 or 便， meaning “thus/then”