Unit test #1 Flashcards
30 year war
- Started because of religious tension in Europe
- Ended by the Treaty of Westphalia
-Catholic vs Protestants
Black Plague
- Happened because: no germ theory, hygiene, poor diet, no medicine, lice, or sewage system
- Killed 40-60% of European population
Castiglione
- Italian diplomat who believed in the “Renaissance man”
Renaissance man: someone who is artistically talented and are well-versed in the humanities. They are a proper gentleman and graceful
Catholic Counter-Reformation
-Meant to defuse true church doctrine
Council of Trent
- Reinstatment of catholic beliefs
- Pope is the head once again
- Bible can only be read by the clergy
- No more sale of indulgences
Crusades
- Byzantine vs. Muslims
- Responsible for the spread of ancient texts
- “Fighting for the holy land”
- Launched by Pope Urban II
Diet of Worms
An assembly held in Worms Germay - where Martin Luther was famously appeared to respond to charges of heresy
Excommunication
- Being kicked out of the church
- Had no soul, and therefore killing them was alllowed
Florence
- The main city of the Renaissance
Feudalism
- Small, semi-independent local governments
- Contracts between lords and peasants (vassals) → lords granted protection in exchange for goods and services
- Thrived off of class and wealth disparity
Henry VIII
- Wanted to set up a national church because he wanted a divorce and remarry a Protestant Woman (Anne Boleyn), wanted the church’s money, and to increase power over England
- Passed the Act of Supremacy → gives the English king full power over the church
Heretic
- Those who focused on the New Testament of the bible
- Were opposed to the wealth and power structure of the church
Humanists
- Focused on making present times better for people
- Science and reason rather than religion and the supernatural
Indulgences
- Church selling forgiveness (soul would be saved)
- Used money to build St. Peter’s Basilica
Italy
- States very wealthy, center of trade
Johan Tetzel
- Top seller of Indulgences
Johann Gutenberg
-Made the printing press
John Huss
- Followed the ideas of Wycliffe (thought all people should be able to read the bible for themselves and not rely on the church) but was burned at the stake
John Calvin
- Founder of Calvinism
- Stressed predestination
-Institute of the Christian Religion”
Luther
- Translated bibe into German
- Exposed the Catholic church’s corruption (using indulgence moeny to pay for st. peters basilica) and posted his “95 theses” on the door of a church
- Pro-clergy marrying
- HOWEVER he doesn’t support peasant’s revolting against the wealthy
Machiavelli
-Stated that any means are justified if they are taking place to strengthen or establish a kingdom
-Influenced manipulation, corruption, and scheming in politics
Medicis
- Hella rich (wealthiest family in Italy)
- Bankers
Michelangelo
-Artist (painter, sculptor , etc)
- Statue of David
Peace of Augsburg
- Treaty between Charles V and Lutheran princes of Germany
- Idea of toleration: people can move to places with similar faiths
- People began to identify with faith rather than nation
Petrarch
- Father of the humanist movement
Predestination
- Belief in Calvinsim
- One is predestined to heaven or hell
Printing Press
-Way of printing many copies of the Bible
-Spreading the bible
Puritans
- People who wanted the church to become more strict
-Went to America after the Reformation, became super catholic
Secular
-“Separate”
-Church and state being separated
Treaty of Westphalia
- -Document that ended the 30 years war
-All religions have the same status
-Each nation leader can chose their desired religion for their country
Vernacular
- Writing and vocabulary became simplified and was published
- Classic books were published in Latin
-Language of the local people
Why Italy
- Established wealth, the catholic church was located in Rome (wealthy), geographic location (close to Europe and the Middle East), trading and economic system
Institutional Challenges and Changes
-Secularism
-money in exchange for prayer (for loved ones)
-wealth dicates power
-valued facts, religious influence on science decreased
-Greco-Roman art styles return, art reflected the world around them
-Moveable type: news and propaganda
-growth of universities
Causes of Reformation
- Social = people began to question the church, printing press helped to spread ideas
- Political = monarchs challenged the church as the supreme power in Europe, saw pope as foreign leader, wanted his power
- Economics = Kings/other rulers were jealous of the churches wealth, merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the church
-Religion = Some church leaders had become corrupt, sale of indulgence was unacceptable
Religious Wars
Crusades - Byzantine vs. Muslims - Byzantine’s wanted the Holy Land (Isreal) back
30 years war - Holy Roman Empire wanted to implement Catholicism all across Europe
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church strikes back
- Objetives: strengthen the church, slow down the spread of Protestant belief
- Led by Jesuits
- Peace of Augsburg
-Council of Trent
