Unit test #1

Question 1

30 year war

Answer 1

• Started because of religious tension in Europe
• Ended by the Treaty of Westphalia
  -Catholic vs Protestants

Question 2

Black Plague

Answer 2

• Happened because: no germ theory, hygiene, poor diet, no medicine, lice, or sewage system
• Killed 40-60% of European population

Question 3

Castiglione

Answer 3

• Italian diplomat who believed in the “Renaissance man”
  Renaissance man: someone who is artistically talented and are well-versed in the humanities. They are a proper gentleman and graceful

Question 4

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Answer 4

-Meant to defuse true church doctrine

Question 5

Council of Trent

Answer 5

• Reinstatment of catholic beliefs
• Pope is the head once again
• Bible can only be read by the clergy
• No more sale of indulgences

Question 6

Crusades

Answer 6

• Byzantine vs. Muslims
• Responsible for the spread of ancient texts
• “Fighting for the holy land”
• Launched by Pope Urban II

Question 7

Diet of Worms

Answer 7

An assembly held in Worms Germay - where Martin Luther was famously appeared to respond to charges of heresy

Question 8

Excommunication

Answer 8

• Being kicked out of the church
• Had no soul, and therefore killing them was alllowed

Question 9

Florence

Answer 9

• The main city of the Renaissance

Question 10

Feudalism

Answer 10

• Small, semi-independent local governments
• Contracts between lords and peasants (vassals) → lords granted protection in exchange for goods and services
• Thrived off of class and wealth disparity

Question 11

Henry VIII

Answer 11

• Wanted to set up a national church because he wanted a divorce and remarry a Protestant Woman (Anne Boleyn), wanted the church’s money, and to increase power over England
• Passed the Act of Supremacy → gives the English king full power over the church

Question 12

Heretic

Answer 12

• Those who focused on the New Testament of the bible
• Were opposed to the wealth and power structure of the church

Question 13

Humanists

Answer 13

• Focused on making present times better for people
• Science and reason rather than religion and the supernatural

Question 14

Indulgences

Answer 14

• Church selling forgiveness (soul would be saved)
• Used money to build St. Peter’s Basilica

Question 15

Italy

Answer 15

• States very wealthy, center of trade

Question 16

Johan Tetzel

Answer 16

• Top seller of Indulgences

Question 17

Johann Gutenberg

Answer 17

-Made the printing press

Question 18

John Huss

Answer 18

• Followed the ideas of Wycliffe (thought all people should be able to read the bible for themselves and not rely on the church) but was burned at the stake

Question 19

John Calvin

Answer 19

• Founder of Calvinism
• Stressed predestination
  -Institute of the Christian Religion”

Question 20

Luther

Answer 20

• Translated bibe into German
• Exposed the Catholic church’s corruption (using indulgence moeny to pay for st. peters basilica) and posted his “95 theses” on the door of a church
• Pro-clergy marrying
• HOWEVER he doesn’t support peasant’s revolting against the wealthy

Question 21

Machiavelli

Answer 21

-Stated that any means are justified if they are taking place to strengthen or establish a kingdom
-Influenced manipulation, corruption, and scheming in politics

Question 22

Medicis

Answer 22

• Hella rich (wealthiest family in Italy)
• Bankers

Question 23

Michelangelo

Answer 23

-Artist (painter, sculptor , etc)
- Statue of David

Question 24

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 24

• Treaty between Charles V and Lutheran princes of Germany
• Idea of toleration: people can move to places with similar faiths
• People began to identify with faith rather than nation

Question 25

Petrarch

Answer 25

• Father of the humanist movement

Question 26

Predestination

Answer 26

• Belief in Calvinsim
• One is predestined to heaven or hell

Question 27

Printing Press

Answer 27

-Way of printing many copies of the Bible
-Spreading the bible

Question 28

Puritans

Answer 28

• People who wanted the church to become more strict
  -Went to America after the Reformation, became super catholic

Question 29

Secular

Answer 29

-“Separate”
-Church and state being separated

Question 30

Treaty of Westphalia

Answer 30

• -Document that ended the 30 years war
  -All religions have the same status
  -Each nation leader can chose their desired religion for their country

Question 31

Vernacular

Answer 31

• Writing and vocabulary became simplified and was published
• Classic books were published in Latin
  -Language of the local people

Question 32

Why Italy

Answer 32

• Established wealth, the catholic church was located in Rome (wealthy), geographic location (close to Europe and the Middle East), trading and economic system

Question 33

Institutional Challenges and Changes

Answer 33

-Secularism
-money in exchange for prayer (for loved ones)
-wealth dicates power
-valued facts, religious influence on science decreased
-Greco-Roman art styles return, art reflected the world around them
-Moveable type: news and propaganda
-growth of universities

Question 34

Causes of Reformation

Answer 34

• Social = people began to question the church, printing press helped to spread ideas
• Political = monarchs challenged the church as the supreme power in Europe, saw pope as foreign leader, wanted his power
• Economics = Kings/other rulers were jealous of the churches wealth, merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the church
  -Religion = Some church leaders had become corrupt, sale of indulgence was unacceptable

Question 35

Religious Wars

Answer 35

Crusades - Byzantine vs. Muslims - Byzantine’s wanted the Holy Land (Isreal) back
30 years war - Holy Roman Empire wanted to implement Catholicism all across Europe

Question 36

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Answer 36

Catholic Church strikes back
- Objetives: strengthen the church, slow down the spread of Protestant belief
- Led by Jesuits
- Peace of Augsburg
-Council of Trent