Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit 1 Chemistry + Chromatography > Unit/Sem 1 Exam Chemistry (Add with other tests from test 2 to get Sem 2)) > Flashcards

Unit/Sem 1 Exam Chemistry (Add with other tests from test 2 to get Sem 2)) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an Alpha Particle?

A

2 protons
2 neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rutherford’s problem

A
  • Failed to account for the loss of energy (radiation) due to the circular motion of electrons
  • Collision of electrons with nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

John Daltons Theory

A

Atoms of different elements have different properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

James Chadwick’s Discovery, Experiment name

A

Discovered the neutron. Beryllium Bombardment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Line Absorption Spectra - Gas Example

A
  • Light passed through gas will have particular wavelengths (colors) missing, as light of that colour was to excite the electrons and is absorbed by the atoms in the gas.

The removed wavelengths do not appear on the continuous (white light) wavelength absorption spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Light Emission - Return to ground state

A

Electrons emit the same frequencies that excited them when returning to ground state, but in all different direction so reduced intensity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

Relative Atomic Mass is defined as the ratio of the average mass of an atom (taking into account all isotopes and their natural abundances) compared to a 1/12 a Carbon-12 atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atomic mass

A

Number of protons and neutrons added together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in the atom of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What ions do non-metal atoms usually form; explain?

A

Negative ions: high electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Purpose of Mass Spectrometer

A

Determine relative abundances and presence of isotopes in an element’s sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Nanotechnology?

A

A nanomaterial is something has single units that exist at the nanoscale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the nanoscale?

A

Nanoscale refers to materials that are between 1 to 100 nanometers across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Nanoparticles?

A

Nanoparticles are a specific type of nanomaterials that are spherical and at the nanoscale (1-100 nm). Greater surface area so tends to be more reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of real-life nanoparticles

A

Cosmetics and creams, sunscreen containing metal nanoparticles that reflect sunlight,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Three main types of Carbon Nanomaterials

A
  • Graphene
  • Carbon Nanotubes
  • Buckminster Fullerenes or Bucky Balls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structural Isomers with more branching means…

A

Less dispersion force: and lower boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aromatics

A

Compounds found to contain a 6-carbon cyclical group attached to various other functional groups with parent compound benzene (C6H6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alkyl groups

A

Alkanes that are missing a hydrogen like Ethyl (C2H5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cis and Trans meanings? For Alkanes or Alkenes? Think

A

Cis means same elements are on same sides
Trans means same elements are diagonally opposite

Only for Alkenes (Double bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydroxide in organic chem means

A

Alcohol group -ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cyclical prefix (not aromatic)

A

Cyclo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The term aromatics refers to

A

Alternating cyclical double and single bonds

24
Q

What group of Aliphatics undergo combustion and when? What does it form?

A

Alkenes and Alkenes undergo combustion when there is a plentiful supply of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and H20 and heat energy (J)

25
Q

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is? What is formed?

A

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is a limited air supply - Carbon monoxide is formed along with less energy

26
Q

Substitution reactions in alkanes or benzene occur when?

Spontaneous Reaction? Why?

What is the product called?

A

Occurs when an alkane or benzene is reacted with a halogen (Cl2 or Br2 or I2). Causes swapping of one or more Hydrogen atom with one or more Halogen atom

Reaction is very slow due to high energy required. Uses a UV catalyst (high energy)

The product is called a haloalkane

27
Q

Hydrogenation Addition Reactions occurs in what and when?

Outline the process

A

Hydrogenation occurs in alkenes when there is H2 (Hydrogen gas) and an alkene. When these are heated in the presence of a metal catalyst like nickel, the hydrogen atoms add on to the alkene and the double bonds turn into single bonds, making it saturated (alkane)

28
Q

Halogenation Addition Reactions occurs in what and when?

Outline the process

A

Halogenation reactions occur in alkenes when there are 2 Halogen atoms (Like Cl2, I2, or Br2) reacting with an alkene. The halogen atoms add on to the alkene and the double bonds turn into single bonds, making it a saturated haloalkane

29
Q

Hydration Addition Reactions occurs in what and when?

Outline the process

A

Reaction of alkenes with water (strong acid catalyst - sulfuric acid) to produce an alcohol

30
Q

What is Markovnikoff’s rule

A

When HCl, HBr, or HI react by addition, the Hydrogen atom attaches to the carbon atom already having the most hydrogen atoms on carbon chain. Non-hydrogen atoms however add to the carbon chain with the smallest number of hydrogen atoms.

31
Q

Hydrohalogenation Addition Reactions occurs in what and when?

Outline the process

A

Hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HI) also react with alkene (saturated hydrocarbon). Makes it a single bond and adds halogen onto carbon chain with lowest number of hydrogens (Markovnikoff’s rule), and Hydrogen adds on to carbon chain with highest number of hydrogens

32
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy required to break the bonds in the reactants for the chemical reaction to occur

33
Q

Requirements for an exothermic and endothermic reactions

A

For a reaction to be exothermic, more energy must be released that supplied. For a reaction to be endothermic, a reaction must have more energy supplied than released.

34
Q

Example exothermic and endothermic reaction

A

Exothermic - Combustion of gasoline
Endothermic - Cooking

35
Q

Endothermic reaction makes the object feel…Reason?

A

Cold; Due to drop in temperature of substance

36
Q

Exothermic reaction makes the object feel…Reason?

A

Hot; Due to Rising temperature of substance

37
Q

Endothermic reaction may be written like this

A

REACTANTS + ENERGY
—> PRODUCTS

38
Q

Exothermic reaction may be written like this

A

REACTANTS
—> PRODUCTS + ENERGY

39
Q

What is Enthalpy?

What is change in enthalpy?

What is change in enthalpy of exothermic and endothermic

A

Enthalpy (H) is the total amount of energy in a substance

Enthalpy of reactants to products

Exothermic enthalpy change: -
Endothermic enthalpy change: +

40
Q

What is a Fuel (Chemically)?

A

A substance that has a large amount of energy in it. Released by combustion

41
Q

Which hydrocarbons are Natural Gases (Fossil Fuels) mainly made out of?

A

Methane (CH4) but also some ethane (C2H6)

42
Q

Three main types of biofuels

A
  • Biogas
  • Bioethanol
  • Biodiesel
43
Q

Bioethanol (process, name, and formula)

A

Fermentation of sugars from plant materials

C6H12O6(aq) -> 2CH3Ch2OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

44
Q

Biogas Description of process

A

Anaerobic bacteria take the complex carbohydrates and proteins and break down into Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4)

45
Q

What determines the amount of energy that is released from the combustion of a fuel?

A

The amount of carbon

46
Q

What is Energy Content?

A

The chemical energy of a substance is called the energy content.

47
Q

What is a fuel’s enthalpy change?

A

Heat of combustion when a specific amount is burnt

48
Q

Energy Content Formula

A

Energy content = n x Heat of Combustion

49
Q

Are biofuels renewable? Are fossil fuels renewable

A

Biofuels: Yes
Fossil Fuels: No

50
Q

Are fossil fuels toxic?

A

Yes. Toxic ingredients and byproducts

51
Q

Why are biofuels environmentally friendly?

A

Because the carbon emissions from burning biofuels are almost equally absorbed by regrown plants

52
Q

Are Carbon Dioxide emissions for fossil fuels and biofuels both high?

A

Yes

53
Q

Physical Properties of Alkanes
Uses?

A

Less Dense than water
Insoluble in water
Good solvent for other organic compounds
Fuels or Paraffin Wax

54
Q

Physical Properties of Cycloalkanes

A

Liquids or Soft Solids at room temperature
Virtually insoluble in water.

55
Q

Properties of Alkenes

A

Denser than water
C2 to C4 are volatile gases
After C4 is liquids or soft solids

Unit 1 Chemistry + Chromatography (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions