Unit One- What Is Life? Flashcards

Question

Algae cell wall

Answer 1

Typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides

Answer 2

Seperate outside of cell from inside of cell

Answer 3

- special type of organic molecule - made up of a group of melecules that included fats, waxes, and sterols - phospholipids line up tail to tail - keeps ions, proteins, and other molecules where they are needed

Answer 4

Attracted to water

Answer 5

Doesn’t like water

Answer 6

Proteins, ion pumps, semi permeable

Answer 7

Help things get across the cell membrane that don’t normally do

Answer 8

Use energy to move Na+, K+, or Ca2+ across the membrane

Answer 9

Allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others

Answer 10

Phosphate head (hydrophilic) 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)

Answer 11

Passive transport Active transport

Answer 12

Osmosis: movement of water (no energy) - water goes to solutes Simple diffusion: does not need carrier proteins, straight through - movement of particles from high to low concentration Facilitated diffusion: uses carrier proteins - the process that allows selective movement in and out of the cell membrane

Answer 13

- uses ATP - molecular pumps: - ions: can’t pass through on their own (Ca2+, Na+, K+, H+) - move from area of low to high concentration Endocytosis: bring into cell Exocytosis: sending out of cell

Answer 14

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Glucose Oxygen

Answer 15

Stroma Thylakoids Grana/granum

Answer 16

Aqueous substance surrounding thylakoids containing enzymes for the dark reaction/calvin cycle

Answer 17

Structure containing chlorophyll pigments and enzymes for light reactions

Answer 18

Stack of thylakoids

Answer 19

Turn light energy into chemical energy

Answer 20

- photon of light hits chlorophyll in PS11 and excited the electrons - water splits and releases and replaces electrons lost at PS11, O2 is released into air, H+ is released into lumen - excited electrons go to cytochrome complex by electron carrier

Answer 21

- Electrons use energy to transport H+ from Stroma into lumen through the cytochrome complex - a second electron carrier takes the electrons to PS1 to be recharged with energy

Answer 22

- Photon of light his chlorophyll in PS1 and excites electrons again - electrons go to third electron carrier and are either recycled or react with an enzyme in NADPH

Answer 23

- protons inside of lumen diffuse through ATP synthase - uses potential energy of the proton gradient to make ATP by reacting ADP with inorganic phosphate

Answer 24

To make glucose

Answer 25

Carbon Fixation: - inorganic carbon is incorporated into organic molecules - 3 carbon molecules react with 3 molecules of RuBP to produce 6 molecules of 3PGA - the enzyme RuBisCO catalyzes this reaction

Answer 26

Reduction: - the inorganic molecules accept electrons - 6 molecules of 3PGA use 6 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH to generate 6 molecules of G3P - 1 molecule of G3P exits the chain, it can be used to make other organic molecules

Answer 27

Regeneration: - a large set of reactions use the other 5 molecules of G3P and energy from 3 molecules of ATP to produce 3 molecules of RuBP - with RuBP formed the process can start again

Answer 28

- energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light reaction is used to generate 1 G3P molecule from 3 CO2 molecules - in this process the electrons lost from NADPH are accepted by the carbons(ultimate electron acceptors)

Answer 29

-makes energy from glucose - glucose turns into pyruvate - releases CO2 from cell through simple diffusion and water through osmosis

Answer 30

-adenosine tri phosphate - energy molecule with 3 phosphates attached - ATP is made when ADP bonds with inorganic phosphate floating around in the stroma - energy used in carrier proteins to pump proteins going against the flow of proteins.

Answer 31

adding a phosphate to ADP to create ATP

Answer 32

- to break down glucose (in cytoplasm) - breaks down glucose into smaller pieces - breaking of bonds releases energy that will be used for phosphorylation - produces 2 ATP (from ADP)

Answer 33

- using oxygen to burn glucose - cellular respiration: tales place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food (mitochondria) - 2 pyruvate go into the mitochondria, CO2 and 2 ATP are produced during the krebs cycle

Answer 34

products from krebs cycle go to ETC (electron transport chain) where the bonds are broken during a series of events to produce up to 34 ATP and water

Answer 35

- no oxygen - fermentation (cytoplasm) In animals: - lactic acid is formed, no further ATP In Plants: - alcohol is formed, no further ATP - fermentation

Answer 36

cilia flagella pseudopods

Answer 37

- short hair like structures that surround certain cells - the cell uses ATP to activate cilia

Answer 38

get nutrients survive reproduction

Answer 39

- similar in structure to the cilia but tend to be longer and not in as great of numbers - many bacteria have a flagella, as do many protists, but they can also be found in specialized cells in larger organisms - ATP are used by the cells to whip the flagella back and forth and move the cell

Answer 40

- comes from the latin word for false foot - are when the cell sends out an extension of its cell membrane and cytoplasm, and then grads the rest of the cell towards it - are commonly used in amoeba - can sometimes be used as part of endocytosis

Answer 41

for energy to build organelles

Answer 42

- endocytosis: when a food particle is brought in this way, it can be digested by digestive enzymes in the lysosomes - one way single celled organisms can bring food particles inside the plasma membrane is through the use of active transport

Answer 43

- they secrete the digestive enzymes outside themselves and then absorb the nutrients - after the organism secretes the digestive enzymes, the food particles are then taken in by diffusion, active transport, or phagocytosis - fungi are known to obtain nutrients this way

Answer 44

symbiosis: two things that interact

Answer 45

mutualism commensalism parasitism amensalism

Answer 46

both benefit

Answer 47

One benefits and one is unaffected

Answer 48

one benefits and one is harmed

Answer 49

one species is harmed or destroyed and the other is unaffected

Answer 50

- bacteria and protists have evolved strategies to survive in a variety of hostile environments

Answer 51

metallotolerant cryophile xerophile acidophile halophile

Answer 52

can survive in environment with lot of heavy dissolved metals

Answer 53

can survive in cold environments

Answer 54

can survive in environment with no water

Answer 55

can survive in acidic environment

Answer 56

can survive in high salt concentrations

Answer 57

King Phillip Can Only Find Green Socks: - Kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

Answer 58

anamalia, plantae, fungi, protista, monera

Answer 59

general specialization of body plan: - body structure - evolutionary relatedness

Answer 60

determined by a taxonomist, no exact agreement

Answer 61

more narrow way of grouping organisms based on characteristics

Answer 62

even more narrow, similar lines of evolution

Answer 63

very few differences between them, binomial nomenclature

Answer 64

largest group of organisms who can reproduce fertile offspring

Answer 65

- developed by Linnaeus - organisms are given a two word name consisting of the genus and species

Answer 66

Overall level of classification, not always included in all systems: archaea bacteria eukarya

Answer 67

- prokaryotic cells - some archaea have the ability to withstand extreme temperature and highly acidic conditions

Answer 68

- prokaryotic cells - there is a great deal of diversity in this domain andd it is next to impossible to determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet

Answer 69

-eukaryotic cells which have membranes that are similar to those of bacteria

Answer 70

anamalia plantae fungi protista monera

Answer 71

- eukaryotic - multicellular - no cell walls - sexual and asexual reproduction - mode of nutrition: heterotrophs

Answer 72

- plants - eukaryotic - multicellular - cellulose cell walls - gets energy from photosynthesis - sexual and asexual reproduction

Answer 73

- eukaryotic - uni and multicellular - cell walls made of chitin, bacteria, and some protists - asexual reproduction - mode of nutrition: heterotrophs

Answer 74

- single celled - eukaryotic - cells made of cellulose, modified sugars, and proteins - asexual reproduction - mode of nutrition: heterotrophs or autotroph

Answer 75

-lumping archaea and bacteria - mode of nutrition: heterotroph - asexual reproduction

Answer 76

- diagrams in which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called "clades" - cladograms reconstruct the evolutionary history of the taxa - constructed by grouping organisms together based on their shared derived characteristics

Answer 77

- draw a Venn diagram - start with the character that is shared by all the taxa on the outside - inside each box, write the taxa that have only that set of characteristics - convert the Venn diagram into a cladogram - start by drawing a large diagonal line, then start with the character that is scared by all the taxa, then keep moving up the line doing the process

Answer 78

shows the relationship between two or more organisms with a common ancestor - they are an evolutionary tree that diagrams the ancestorial relationships among organisms

Answer 79

- Linnean taxonomy is a broad way of classifying organisms and the cladogram classifies them by their evolutionary relationships - they both use similarities between organisms but Linnean taxonomy only uses 7, when the cladogram uses a lot

Answer 80

- tools that help users identify living and non living things

Answer 81

- in each step two choices are given with directions for what to do next for each choice - each choice leads to another choice or to the identity of the object or organism

Answer 82

- Used to identify different organisms based on the organisms observable traits - help identify living and non living things and naming species based on different traits

Answer 83

- cladogram shows the relationship between two or more organisms with a common ancestor, dichotomous keys have a series of statements consisting of two chances that describe characteristics - cladograms are grouping, dichotomous keys name organisms

Answer 84

- Linnean taxonomy classifies organisms, dichotomous keys name them - Linnean has 7 classifications, dichotomous keys has two questions to answer from, but a broad variety

Answer 85

finding your happy place

Answer 86

innate behavior ex) reflex action, taxis learned behavior ex) habituation, classical conditioning, imprinting

Answer 87

are those of which offspring are born with, and naturally occur- these are genetically determined and encoded with the organisms DNA - where the patterns of behavior are the same throughout the species

Answer 88

determined by the genetic makeup of the organism and their interaction with and influences of the environment, these are learned through conditioning, imprinting, and habituation and are not passed onto offspring genetically, but may be taught while learning

Answer 89

fast stereotyped response

Answer 90

use it to escape predatation

Answer 91

behaviors which are not immediate, like reflexes but are more gradual - can be a positive or negative directional movement

Answer 92

non directional movement responses, a particular direction is not indicated, but the response of the organism is to change their direction

Answer 93

innate characteristics where behaviors always follow the same set of rules ex) waggle dance (bees)

Answer 94

phototropism gravitropism thigmotropism

Answer 95

the bending of growing stems and other plant parts toward sources of light - give plants greater exposure to available light, and determine the development of plant organs and appearance of the plant

Answer 96

the response of a plant to the gravitational field of the earth. ex) a storm pushes over plants in a field - gravitational responses are present at germination when the root grows down and the shoot grows up

Answer 97

a response of a plant or plant part to contact with the touch of an object, animal, plant, or wind

Answer 98

increases the plasticity of plant cell walls as in involved in elongation of stems

Answer 99

a plant hormone that in combination with auxin, stimulates cell division and differentiation in plants

Answer 100

causes rice plants, on which is parasitic, to grow abnormally tall - elongation effect is enhanced if auxin is present

Answer 101

- releases chemical signal message to caterpillar eating bugs - caterpillar chews on leaf, saliva gets on leaf, they identify caterpillar, and draw in predators - trichome: caterpillars eat it, become smelly, it attracts predators.

Answer 102

specific pathogen - specific immunity is learned by the body based on previous exposure to pathogens

Answer 103

broad defenses - non specific immunity in generalized immunity that all humans are born with, including barriers, like skin, chemicals, like stomach acid and tears

Answer 104

recognize past invaders and respond more quickly - specific defense: immune systems memory

Answer 105

- boosts or enhances the power of the immune system - a system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen bound antibody

Answer 106

- release a chemical to let plants or animals around them they're being attacked - cells die so no further attacking is done

Answer 107

occurs when the sperm from the male parent fertilizes an egg from the female parent, producing an offspring

Answer 108

improves the chances of producing at lease some offspring that will survive in an unpredictability variable environment

Answer 109

requires time and energy to fine a mate, court them, and produce offspring

Answer 110

a mode of reproduction in which only one parent is involved to reproduce offspring

Answer 111

maintenance of genetic continuity, decreased energy requirements, numerous offspring produced quickly, doesn't require a mate

Answer 112

does not lead to genetic variation in a population - species may only be suited to one habitat