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Biology 30 > Unit One- What Is Life? > Flashcards

Unit One- What Is Life? Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the scientific definition of life?

A

• living things are composed of cells
• living things have different levels or organization
• living things use energy
• living things respond to their environment
• living things grow
• living things reproduce
• living things adapt to their environment

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2
Q

Eight characteristics of living things

A
  • cellular organization
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
  • homeostasis (happy place)
  • heredity
  • response to stimuli
  • growth and development
  • adaptation through evolution
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3
Q

Aristotle

A

Accomplished spontaneous generation

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4
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Italian physician who tried to prove that maggots came from flies, not from decaying meat

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • Believed that micro organisms came from cells called spores
  • opposed spontaneous generation
  • tested his hypothesis through the use of an infusion of nutrients in a swan necked flask
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6
Q

Miler and Urey

A

Prove fit was possible to generate organic compounds from inorganic sources

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7
Q

Margulis

A

Found that some of the organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts in modern cells organized as bacteria

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8
Q

What is endosymbiosis

A

Endo= entering
Symbiosis= living together

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9
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Living organisms could come from non- living things
Ex) dust turns into fleas, meat turns into maggots

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10
Q

Biogenesis

A

All organisms are produced from other organisms
- the cell is the basic unit of structure, all cells are reproduced from other cells

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11
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Life comes from non living matter

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12
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts in modern cells organized as bacteria

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13
Q

3 parts of the cell theory

A
  • Although all living things are made of cells, organisms may be unicellular or multicellular
  • cells are the most basic unit of life
  • all cells come from other cells
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14
Q

Unicellular

A

Composed of one cell

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15
Q

Multicellular

A

Composed of many cells that may organize into tissues—> organs—> organ systems

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16
Q

Prokaryotic calls

A

Pro= NO, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
Division: binary fission
Unicellular
Cells made of peptidoglycwn
Organisms with this type of cell: bacteria

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17
Q

Eukaryotic

A

EU= DO, do have a nucleus, do have membrane bound organelles
Division: mitosis
Uni or multicellular
Cell walls in fungi and plants: made of chitin or cellulose
Organisms with this type of cell: animals, plants, fungi, protists

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18
Q

Cell wall

A

The protective, semi permeable outer layer of certain organisms

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19
Q

Major functions of cell wall

A
  • Acts as a pressure vessel to prevent the cell from over expanding when it absorbs water
  • to give cell strength and structure
  • to filter molecules that pass in and out of the cell
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20
Q

Cell walls are found in:

A

Plants, fungi, and prokaryotic cells

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21
Q

Cell wall bacteria (made up of)

A

Composed of peptidoglycan, which is made from polysaccharide chains cross linked by peptides containing amino acids

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22
Q

Gram positive cell walls

A

Possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Gram negative cell walls

A

Relatively thin call wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane

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24
Q

Fungi cell wall

A

Possess cell walls made of chitin

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25
Q

Algae cell wall

A

Typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides

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26
Q

Cell membrane

A

Seperate outside of cell from inside of cell

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27
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A
  • special type of organic molecule
  • made up of a group of melecules that included fats, waxes, and sterols
  • phospholipids line up tail to tail
  • keeps ions, proteins, and other molecules where they are needed
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28
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water

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29
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Doesn’t like water

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30
Q

How do materials cross the membrane?

A

Proteins, ion pumps, semi permeable

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31
Q

Proteins and the cell membrane

A

Help things get across the cell membrane that don’t normally do

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32
Q

Ion pumps and the cell membrane

A

Use energy to move Na+, K+, or Ca2+ across the membrane

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33
Q

Semi permeable cell membrane

A

Allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others

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34
Q

Phospholipid

A

Phosphate head (hydrophilic)
2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)

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35
Q

Types of transport

A

Passive transport
Active transport

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36
Q

Passive transport

A

Osmosis: movement of water (no energy)
- water goes to solutes
Simple diffusion: does not need carrier proteins, straight through
- movement of particles from high to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion: uses carrier proteins
- the process that allows selective movement in and out of the cell membrane

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37
Q

Active transport

A
  • uses ATP
  • molecular pumps: - ions: can’t pass through on their own (Ca2+, Na+, K+, H+)
  • move from area of low to high concentration
    Endocytosis: bring into cell
    Exocytosis: sending out of cell
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38
Q

Photosynthesis- Chemical Equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose Oxygen

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39
Q

Parts of the chloroplast

A

Stroma
Thylakoids
Grana/granum

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40
Q

Stroma

A

Aqueous substance surrounding thylakoids containing enzymes for the dark reaction/calvin cycle

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41
Q

Thylakoids

A

Structure containing chlorophyll pigments and enzymes for light reactions

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42
Q

Grana/granum

A

Stack of thylakoids

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43
Q

Whats the purpose of the Light dependant reaction

A

Turn light energy into chemical energy

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44
Q

Light reaction PS11

A
  • photon of light hits chlorophyll in PS11 and excited the electrons
  • water splits and releases and replaces electrons lost at PS11, O2 is released into air, H+ is released into lumen
  • excited electrons go to cytochrome complex by electron carrier
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45
Q

Light reaction- Cytochrome complex

A
  • Electrons use energy to transport H+ from Stroma into lumen through the cytochrome complex
  • a second electron carrier takes the electrons to PS1 to be recharged with energy
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46
Q

Light reaction PS1

A
  • Photon of light his chlorophyll in PS1 and excites electrons again
  • electrons go to third electron carrier and are either recycled or react with an enzyme in NADPH
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47
Q

Light reaction- ATP synthase

A
  • protons inside of lumen diffuse through ATP synthase
  • uses potential energy of the proton gradient to make ATP by reacting ADP with inorganic phosphate
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48
Q

Whtat is the purpose of the Light independent reaction/ Calvin Cycle

A

To make glucose

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49
Q

What is phase one of the Calvin Cycle

A

Carbon Fixation:
- inorganic carbon is incorporated into organic molecules
- 3 carbon molecules react with 3 molecules of RuBP to produce 6 molecules of 3PGA
- the enzyme RuBisCO catalyzes this reaction

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50
Q

What is phase 2 of the calvin cycle

A

Reduction:
- the inorganic molecules accept electrons
- 6 molecules of 3PGA use 6 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH to generate 6 molecules of G3P
- 1 molecule of G3P exits the chain, it can be used to make other organic molecules

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51
Q

What is phase 3 of the calvin cycle

A

Regeneration:
- a large set of reactions use the other 5 molecules of G3P and energy from 3 molecules of ATP to produce 3 molecules of RuBP
- with RuBP formed the process can start again

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52
Q

How do the light dependant and independent reactions work together

A
  • energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light reaction is used to generate 1 G3P molecule from 3 CO2 molecules
  • in this process the electrons lost from NADPH are accepted by the carbons(ultimate electron acceptors)
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53
Q

Cellular respiration

A

-makes energy from glucose
- glucose turns into pyruvate
- releases CO2 from cell through simple diffusion and water through osmosis

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54
Q

ATP

A

-adenosine tri phosphate
- energy molecule with 3 phosphates attached
- ATP is made when ADP bonds with inorganic phosphate floating around in the stroma
- energy used in carrier proteins to pump proteins going against the flow of proteins.

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55
Q

Phosphorylation

A

adding a phosphate to ADP to create ATP

56
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • to break down glucose (in cytoplasm)
  • breaks down glucose into smaller pieces
  • breaking of bonds releases energy that will be used for phosphorylation
  • produces 2 ATP (from ADP)
57
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • using oxygen to burn glucose
  • cellular respiration: tales place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food (mitochondria)
  • 2 pyruvate go into the mitochondria, CO2 and 2 ATP are produced during the krebs cycle
58
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

products from krebs cycle go to ETC (electron transport chain) where the bonds are broken during a series of events to produce up to 34 ATP and water

59
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A
  • no oxygen - fermentation (cytoplasm)
    In animals: - lactic acid is formed, no further ATP
    In Plants: - alcohol is formed, no further ATP
  • fermentation
60
Q

How do cells move

A

cilia
flagella
pseudopods

61
Q

Cilia

A
  • short hair like structures that surround certain cells
  • the cell uses ATP to activate cilia
62
Q

Why do cells move

A

get nutrients
survive
reproduction

63
Q

Flagella

A
  • similar in structure to the cilia but tend to be longer and not in as great of numbers
  • many bacteria have a flagella, as do many protists, but they can also be found in specialized cells in larger organisms
  • ATP are used by the cells to whip the flagella back and forth and move the cell
64
Q

Pseudopods

A
  • comes from the latin word for false foot
  • are when the cell sends out an extension of its cell membrane and cytoplasm, and then grads the rest of the cell towards it
  • are commonly used in amoeba
  • can sometimes be used as part of endocytosis
65
Q

Why do cells obtain and digest nutrients

A

for energy
to build organelles

66
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • endocytosis: when a food particle is brought in this way, it can be digested by digestive enzymes in the lysosomes
  • one way single celled organisms can bring food particles inside the plasma membrane is through the use of active transport
67
Q

Extracellular digestion

A
  • they secrete the digestive enzymes outside themselves and then absorb the nutrients
  • after the organism secretes the digestive enzymes, the food particles are then taken in by diffusion, active transport, or phagocytosis
  • fungi are known to obtain nutrients this way
67
Q

Interacting with other organisms is called:

A

symbiosis: two things that interact

68
Q

Symbiotic relationships:

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
amensalism

69
Q

Mutualism

A

both benefit

70
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits and one is unaffected

71
Q

Parasitism

A

one benefits and one is harmed

72
Q

Amensalism

A

one species is harmed or destroyed and the other is unaffected

73
Q

What are extremophiles?

A
  • bacteria and protists have evolved strategies to survive in a variety of hostile environments
74
Q

What are the 5 extremophiles

A

metallotolerant
cryophile
xerophile
acidophile
halophile

75
Q

Metallotolerant

A

can survive in environment with lot of heavy dissolved metals

76
Q

cryophile

A

can survive in cold environments

77
Q

xerophile

A

can survive in environment with no water

78
Q

acidophile

A

can survive in acidic environment

79
Q

halophile

A

can survive in high salt concentrations

80
Q

seven levels of classification

A

King Phillip Can Only Find Green Socks:
- Kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species

81
Q

Kingdom

A

anamalia, plantae, fungi, protista, monera

82
Q

Phylum

A

general specialization of body plan:
- body structure
- evolutionary relatedness

83
Q

Class

A

determined by a taxonomist, no exact agreement

84
Q

Order

A

more narrow way of grouping organisms based on characteristics

85
Q

Family

A

even more narrow, similar lines of evolution

86
Q

Genus

A

very few differences between them, binomial nomenclature

87
Q

Species

A

largest group of organisms who can reproduce fertile offspring

88
Q

binomial nomenclature

A
  • developed by Linnaeus
  • organisms are given a two word name consisting of the genus and species
89
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

Overall level of classification, not always included in all systems:
archaea
bacteria
eukarya

90
Q

Archaea

A
  • prokaryotic cells
  • some archaea have the ability to withstand extreme temperature and highly acidic conditions
91
Q

Bacteria

A
  • prokaryotic cells
  • there is a great deal of diversity in this domain andd it is next to impossible to determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet
92
Q

Eukarya

A

-eukaryotic cells which have membranes that are similar to those of bacteria

93
Q

5 Kingdoms

A

anamalia
plantae
fungi
protista
monera

94
Q

anamalia

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • no cell walls
  • sexual and asexual reproduction
  • mode of nutrition: heterotrophs
95
Q

plantae

A
  • plants
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • cellulose cell walls
  • gets energy from photosynthesis
  • sexual and asexual reproduction
96
Q

fungi

A
  • eukaryotic
  • uni and multicellular
  • cell walls made of chitin, bacteria, and some protists
  • asexual reproduction
  • mode of nutrition: heterotrophs
97
Q

protists

A
  • single celled
  • eukaryotic
  • cells made of cellulose, modified sugars, and proteins
  • asexual reproduction
  • mode of nutrition: heterotrophs or autotroph
98
Q

monera

A

-lumping archaea and bacteria
- mode of nutrition: heterotroph
- asexual reproduction

99
Q

Cladograms

A
  • diagrams in which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades”
  • cladograms reconstruct the evolutionary history of the taxa
  • constructed by grouping organisms together based on their shared derived characteristics
100
Q

How to make a cladogram

A
  • draw a Venn diagram
  • start with the character that is shared by all the taxa on the outside
  • inside each box, write the taxa that have only that set of characteristics
  • convert the Venn diagram into a cladogram
  • start by drawing a large diagonal line, then start with the character that is scared by all the taxa, then keep moving up the line doing the process
101
Q

Purpose of cladograms

A

shows the relationship between two or more organisms with a common ancestor
- they are an evolutionary tree that diagrams the ancestorial relationships among organisms

102
Q

Comparing cladogram to Linnean taxonomy

A
  • Linnean taxonomy is a broad way of classifying organisms and the cladogram classifies them by their evolutionary relationships
  • they both use similarities between organisms but Linnean taxonomy only uses 7, when the cladogram uses a lot
103
Q

Dichotomous keys

A
  • tools that help users identify living and non living things
104
Q

How to use dichotomous keys

A
  • in each step two choices are given with directions for what to do next for each choice
  • each choice leads to another choice or to the identity of the object or organism
105
Q

Purpose of dichotomous keys

A
  • Used to identify different organisms based on the organisms observable traits
  • help identify living and non living things and naming species based on different traits
106
Q

Comparing dichotomous keys with cladogram

A
  • cladogram shows the relationship between two or more organisms with a common ancestor, dichotomous keys have a series of statements consisting of two chances that describe characteristics
  • cladograms are grouping, dichotomous keys name organisms
107
Q

Comparing dichotomous keys with Linnean taxonomy

A
  • Linnean taxonomy classifies organisms, dichotomous keys name them
  • Linnean has 7 classifications, dichotomous keys has two questions to answer from, but a broad variety
108
Q

Maintaining homeostasis

A

finding your happy place

109
Q

Animal behaviour

A

innate behavior ex) reflex action, taxis
learned behavior ex) habituation, classical conditioning, imprinting

110
Q

Innate bahaviour

A

are those of which offspring are born with, and naturally occur- these are genetically determined and encoded with the organisms DNA
- where the patterns of behavior are the same throughout the species

111
Q

learned behavior

A

determined by the genetic makeup of the organism and their interaction with and influences of the environment, these are learned through conditioning, imprinting, and habituation and are not passed onto offspring genetically, but may be taught while learning

112
Q

reflex action

A

fast stereotyped response

113
Q

escape reflex

A

use it to escape predatation

114
Q

taxis

A

behaviors which are not immediate, like reflexes but are more gradual
- can be a positive or negative directional movement

115
Q

kinesis

A

non directional movement responses, a particular direction is not indicated, but the response of the organism is to change their direction

116
Q

Fixed action pattern (FAP)

A

innate characteristics where behaviors always follow the same set of rules
ex) waggle dance (bees)

117
Q

Plant behavior

A

phototropism
gravitropism
thigmotropism

118
Q

phototropism

A

the bending of growing stems and other plant parts toward sources of light
- give plants greater exposure to available light, and determine the development of plant organs and appearance of the plant

119
Q

gravitropism

A

the response of a plant to the gravitational field of the earth.
ex) a storm pushes over plants in a field
- gravitational responses are present at germination when the root grows down and the shoot grows up

120
Q

thigmotropism

A

a response of a plant or plant part to contact with the touch of an object, animal, plant, or wind

121
Q

Auxin

A

increases the plasticity of plant cell walls as in involved in elongation of stems

122
Q

Cytokins

A

a plant hormone that in combination with auxin, stimulates cell division and differentiation in plants

123
Q

Gibberellins

A

causes rice plants, on which is parasitic, to grow abnormally tall
- elongation effect is enhanced if auxin is present

124
Q

Tobacco Plant- how it defends against pathogens

A
  • releases chemical signal message to caterpillar eating bugs
  • caterpillar chews on leaf, saliva gets on leaf, they identify caterpillar, and draw in predators
  • trichome: caterpillars eat it, become smelly, it attracts predators.
125
Q

Specific defense

A

specific pathogen
- specific immunity is learned by the body based on previous exposure to pathogens

126
Q

non specific defence

A

broad defenses
- non specific immunity in generalized immunity that all humans are born with, including barriers, like skin, chemicals, like stomach acid and tears

127
Q

immunological memory

A

recognize past invaders and respond more quickly
- specific defense: immune systems memory

128
Q

Compliment

A
  • boosts or enhances the power of the immune system
  • a system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen bound antibody
129
Q

How do plants defend against pathogens

A
  • release a chemical to let plants or animals around them they’re being attacked
  • cells die so no further attacking is done
130
Q

sexual reproduction

A

occurs when the sperm from the male parent fertilizes an egg from the female parent, producing an offspring

131
Q

sexual reproduction advantage

A

improves the chances of producing at lease some offspring that will survive in an unpredictability variable environment

132
Q

sexual reproduction disadvantage

A

requires time and energy to fine a mate, court them, and produce offspring

133
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a mode of reproduction in which only one parent is involved to reproduce offspring

134
Q

Asexual reproduction advantage

A

maintenance of genetic continuity, decreased energy requirements, numerous offspring produced quickly, doesn’t require a mate

135
Q

asexual reproduction disadvantage

A

does not lead to genetic variation in a population
- species may only be suited to one habitat

Biology 30 (1 decks)

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