Unit One + Two Flashcards
1
Q
The figure of “Mary” from the Gnostic Christian text the Gospel of Mary is referring to Mary Magdalene, a figure noted in the Gospels. Identify how the west and east differ in their interpretation of the title of this important, historical figure.
A
West: repentant harlot, nude
East: Equal to apostle, clothed
2
Q
The Montanists where a Gnostic Christian group who had, as their authority figures, the following: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Female, Prisca and Maximilla
3
Q
T/F. In the Gnostic Christian text the Gospel of Mary, it is clear that women are authoritative figures to be respected in the developing Christian community.
A
FALSE
4
Q
In the Gnostic Christian test the Gospel of Mary, Peter acknowledges that Jesus loved Mary more than: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Everyone (including the men)
5
Q
Some accounts from the Infancy Gospel of Thomas are found as a crossover in the following religious scriptures: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Qur’an
6
Q
Identify some of the reasons as to why the Infancy Gospel of Thomas— and other texts like it— would need to be written: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
To show Jesus’s life as a child and what he had to endure
7
Q
T/F. The Nag Hammadi library were fringe texts, possibly illegal, and were likely to be hidden during a crackdown on what people were reading.
A
TRUE
8
Q
T/F. Christian groups that formed around these Christological conversations and definitions were not actually real Christians.
A
FALSE
9
Q
The discovery of the texts known as the ____ library revolutionized how we study early Christianity and early Christian history: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Nag Hammadi
10
Q
T/F. Converts who joined the Jesus Movement came from such wide backgrounds, social status, and ethnicities that they enriched the earliest Christian groups.
A
TRUE
11
Q
T/F. Many Gnostic Christians seem to have valued personal experience, personal exploration of self and the creativity that encourages diverse, even contradictory expressions of Christian belief.
A
TRUE
12
Q
Gnostic Christianity generally valued the following: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Experience, personal exploration of self and creativity
13
Q
Marcion believed that the God of the Hebrew Bible was: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Jealous, wrathful, inconsistent - BAD
14
Q
was an important, early Christian thinker who proposed a Christian canon.
A
Marcion
15
Q
The reading of Christian texts through a Gnostic Christian lens instigated the process of: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Scriptural interpretation
16
Q
T/F. Gnostic Christians believe that matter is inherently good.
A
FALSE
17
Q
Theology concerned with the nature and person of Jesus is called: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Christology
18
Q
T/F. “Canon” means “correct”
A
TRUE
19
Q
The criteria for “canon” were that the text has to be: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Apostolic, orthodox, catholic, and ancient
20
Q
T/F. Gnostic Christianity was very individualist rather then communal .
A
TRUE
21
Q
“Gnosis” means: (identify from a list - multiple choice).
A
Knowledge
22
Q
T/F. Paul made the theology of the Jesus Movement attractive to Gentiles because he spoke and wrote of the inclusivity (some say universality) of the activity of Jesus.
A
TRUE
23
Q
Conditions that were favorable to Paul’s missionary activity include: (identify from a list).
A
Access to safe road and seaways, not attract much attention, benefitted from Roman tolerance, the geography of languages within the empire
24
Q
Violence in Palestine between the Jews and the Romans harmed relations between Jews, Jewish Christians, and Gentile Christians; this rift was made all the more permanent by the destruction of the – in the year*–. Fill in the blanks.
A
Temple, 70CE
25
Two early leaders of the Jesus Movement who clashed about the relationship between Jews and Gentiles were: (identify from a list).
Luke and Paul or *Paul and James
26
Aspects of Jewish culture that remained intact among the earliest followers of the Jesus Moment include: (identify from a list).
*Baptisms, *circumcisions, *Temple, *group meals, Mosaic Law, and *Dietary law & critical dialogue
27
Paul described the followers of Jesus as faithful to the Mosaic ____. Fill in the blank.
LAW
28
T/F. The Romans were responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus.
TRUE
29
The destruction of Sepphoris in 4 BCE would likely have had no impact on the life of Jesus.
FALSE
30
The Gospel that was written first and inspired the others was: (identify from a list).
Gospel of Mark
31
T/F. The Gospels offer an incomplete look at Jesus’ life and activity.
TRUE
32
T/F. Jesus left behind many first-hand accounts of his ministry and doctrine.
FALSE
33
Gentile converts into Christianity were those who did not bring the history and culture of Judaism within them into the community. What core values of Judaism were off-putting to these converts, and therefore had to be altered? Identify from a list.
Mosaic Law of Circumcision, dietary restrictions,
34
The distinctive belief that set followers of the Jesus Movement apart from other Jews was their claim that Jesus of Nazareth was a: (identify from a list).
Messiah (savior, son of God)
35
"Messiah" means: (fill in the blank).
Anointed or Christ
36
The Jewish faction that survived the Jewish revolts against the Romans were the: (identify from a list).
Pharisees
37
When the hemorrhaging woman touched Jesus and he acknowledged her, he was engaging with a person who was, by Roman standards: (identify from a list).
Impure/unclean
38
T/F. According to the Gospel accounts, Jesus engaged in actions that upheld Roman social values.
FALSE
39
T/F. The Gospel accounts agree with one another regarding the details of Jesus' life and activity.
FALSE
40
T/F. The Essenes were Jewish activist/scholars who engaged in conversation with individuals like Jesus, as they sought to make the Law relevant for Roman-occupied Judah.
FALSE
41
The most appropriate place to worship the god of the Jews was in the: (identify from a list).
Temple
42
T/F. Judaism had no appeal to Greeks and Romans.
FALSE
43
T/F. Jews were happy to relinquish their rights and autonomy to pay the Romans their taxes and live quiet, peaceful lives with the Romans in charge.
FALSE
44
Jewish factions in the first century prior to the Destruction of the Temple were: (identify from a list).
The Sudducees, Pharisees, Essenes, Zealots
45
The revolt of the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire resulted in a rise in this unique aspect of religious practice:
“end time” or willingness to die . *Cultural/ethnic identities
46
Jews are monotheistic, which means: (identify from a list).
They only acknowledged and worshipped ONE God - although they might believe others exist
47
Forced Hellenization brought the following consequences for Jewish life in the two centuries before the common era: (identify from a list).
Jewish/non jewish distinctions in society ; emphasis on the Law amongst pious Jews; Jewish avoidance of “gentile” lead to anti-Semitism ; Martyr precedent ; “end times”
48
T/F. Alexander the Great spread Roman culture across the Mediterranean.
TRUE
49
While in Babylonian captivity, the Israelites came into contact with Zoroastrian religious beliefs, which—in time—influenced the religion of the Israelites. These beliefs included the following (identify from a list).
Afterlife, immortality for righteous, paradise, resurrection of the dead
50
This Persian King, known as the “King of Kings” ended the Babylonian captivity of the Jews, and provided the means for them to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem:
Cyrus the Great.
51
Central characteristics or central features of ordinary Judaism in Palestine included: (identify from a list).
Covenant or Law; *Monotheistic; *one God made covenant with the covenant ; Sabbath; bodily implications
52
The god of the Hebrew people was (properly) worshiped in a Temple in
Jerusalem
53
T/F. The Romans did not permit the Jews to practice their religion.
TRUE
54
Caesar Augustus, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, had the title (in English)
The son of God
55
The general public engaged in various ritual activities to and for their deities in order to receive traditional benefits, which included the following (check all that apply):
Health, insight, competition, desire, salvation, relationships, fertility, revenge
56
T/F. Philosophers, authors and artists, and the general public agreed on how the divine interacted with the world.
FALSE
57
T/F. The “cult of the emperor” meant that everyone believed that the emperor was divine.
FALSE, they had to publicly display loyalty, not privately
58
Another word for "faith" in classical and late antiquity was (check all that apply).
Loyalty and fidelity or ***fides
59
T/F. Religion in the Roman Empire was integral to everyday activities.
TRUE
60
T/F. The elite members of society were required to provide benefits for the 'middlings'.
TRUE
61
Romulus and Remus were twins whose father was a --- and whose mother was a --
God (of war) , Vestal Virgin.
62
T/F. Every religion is a cult, but not every cult is a religion.
TRUE
63
The key Roman social values that impact our study of early Christian history (and their counterparts) include: (identify from a list).
Honor/shame, purity/pollution, patron/client, kin/outsider
64
T/F. When evaluating a source that is two thousand years old, the assumptions of the author do not matter because they are dead, and we cannot ask them anything.
FALSE
65
T/F. Primary sources are true.
FALSE
66
T/F. Pre-Enlightenment, historical accuracy was subservient to theological views.
TRUE
67
Ways of studying religion include the following methods: (identify from a list).
Four tools to understanding religion: Rituals (routines) , Ethics (actions by values), Theology (deceptive meanings), Social Structures (norms)
Change, part does not equal whole, culture - laws/social norms , (re)interpretation
*Practitioner and non-practitioner
68
T/F. A secondary source is about history, but it is not proof of history.
TRUE
69
For our class, we will understand the Christian religion as a system that binds its followers together through the following (identify from a list).
Theological beliefs, literature, values and expectations
70
Primary sources for the study of religion include: (identify from a list).
Internet History Sourcebook, Catholic Encyclopedia (“Fathers of the Church”), History if Science and Medicine Primary Sources at Yale
*Or books, pamphlets, sermons, other contemporary writings by religious officials or members
71
“Religion” is related to the word --- which is a binding and supporting system.
*religare or ligament,
72
For the thoughtful citizen, attention to the historical record and to the theological foundations of religion are antidotes to making --- about the past.
generalities
73
Historical facts are only knowable by their ---.
evidence
74
The term “history” means to learn by --- .
inquiry
75
Critical thinking skills include the following: (identify from a list).
Careful reading, suspensions of personal judgement, evaluation of text and data, awareness of multiple perspectives, analysis of implications of belief systems, the construction and development of a claim that can be supported with evidence, and the re-evaluation of one’s claims/assumptions in light of new information
76
T/F Persecutions against Christians were constant for the first three hundred years.
FALSE
77
T/F Christians were unified in there response to the Roman Empire's request for fidelity to the Imperial Cult
FALSE
78
While the Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas include several Roman social values we have discussed, it effectively highlights the transformation of familial bonds, which is the Roman social value of ________.
KIN
79
According to Rodney Stark, "Religion supplies compensatory for rewards that are scarce or unavailable." This is known as : ________.
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
80
Christians aroused suspicion about their rituals because they kept them : _________
PRIVATE
81
Unlike other cults, Christianity different in that Christians attempted to ________ other people to Christianity.
CONVERT
82
Under the Emperor ________, Christians were killed because they were blamed for the burning of Rome.
NERO
83
T/F. Persecution against Christians in North Africa was consistent.
FALSE
84
Persecutions—when they happened—were:
SPECIFIC, LOCAL, VIOLENT, AND PUBLIC
85
The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas suggests that if a women can transcend her ______ she can demonstrate honor.
gender
86
Identify the Roman social values that Perpetua violates.
Kin/outsider, honor/shame
87
According to Lynch, martyrdom contributed to early Christian identity because it created an _______ status.
Fluid?
88
According to Lynch, martyrdom contributed to early Christian identity because it provided a model for response to ________.
persecution
89
. According to Lynch, martyrdom contributed to early Christian identity because it created an ________ tool.
evangelistic
90
According to Lynch, martyrdom contributed to early Christian identity because it created the opportunity to: Multiple choice.
imitate Christ
91
T/F. Martyrdom assisted Christians in supporting the theological interchange that they claimed existed between the living and the dead.
TRUE
92
T/F. Cults that were imported into the Roman Empire did not require legal approval.
TRUE
93
T/F. The fact that Perpetual wrote her diary means that we have direct access to a woman’s voice from the third century.
TRUE
94
T/F. Because of martyr events, held that the dead body was impure.
FALSE
95
Rituals and behaviors in which Christians engaged that suggested that they might be subversive included: Multiple Choice
free persons/enslaved persons, vocabulary, mystery rituals, gender mixing
96
T/F. Throughout the first few centuries in which Christianity existed as a cult, there was a systematic attempt to kill or persecute Christians.
FALSE
97
T/F. Christianity was not a legal cult, but it was not illegal to be a Christian
TRUE
98
T/F. As a result of the death of significant Christians, the core of the movement was weakened.
FALSE
99
T/F. As a result of the death of significant Christians, the core of the movement was weakened.
FALSE
100
T/F. In honoring the martyrs, Christians adopted the methods of the Romans known as the refrigerium by eating meals with their dead.
TRUE
101
T/F. Racism among Christians in North America is lower than among non-religious individuals.
FALSE
102
T/F. In the Roman Empire, slavery was a component of the economy, and built into the system.
TRUE
103
The most well-known proponent of universalism and universal salvation in Christianity was the Egyptian theologian and apologist: Multiple Choice.
Origen of Alexandria
104
The anonymous Letter to Diognetus is intended to address concerns that individuals have about Christianity as it is emerging, and the author is anxious to distinguish Christians from: Multiple Choice.
philosophers, jews, practitioners of ancestral religions
105
For the author of the Letter to Diognetus, Christ was sent from God to bring the following people to salvation: Multiple Choice.
Everyone
106
T/F. The author of the Letter to Diognetus finds allegiance between Christianity, pagan philosophy, and ancestral myths.
FALSE
107
According to the author of the Letter to Diognetus, Christians are to the world what the soul is to the _______. Fill in the blank.
BODY
108
T/F. For the author of the Letter to Diognetus, Christians are no different from anyone else.
TRUE
109
You will be asked to match the various groups about which the author of the Letter to Diognetus with how he describes them.
JEWS are arrogant and suspicious, philosophers are vain and ridiculous, greeks are misguided and disdainful
110
T/F. Early Christians viewed 'race' as a form of human difference that could be made irrelevant.
true
110
In late antiquity, when an individual 'opted in' to various forms of human difference (hair style, name, clothing, etc.), that is a form of race or ethnic mutability known as __________. Fill in the blank
appropriation --
111
T/F. Ancient ideas about race were beneficial for Christians who were trying to define themselves in a Roman world.
true
112
T/F. Since the 19th century, beliefs that early Christians were racially inclusive has resulted in the discrimination of non-Christian ideas and/or individuals on the basis of race.
true
113
According to Buell, many early Christian theologians wrote about Christianity as a 'race' that one might rightfully: Multiple Choice.
JOIN
114
According to Buell, "defining Christianness in contract to race has not solved the problems of…": Multiple Choice
anti-judaism and racism
115
According to Clement of Alexandria, _______ produces distinctions among various races. Multiple choice.
religion practices, not religion
116
T/F. According to some Late Antique texts, the adoption or rejection of religious practices, laws, customs, or languages could signal to others that a person had transcended or changed their ethnicity or racial identity.
true
117
In the classical and late antique eras, Greeks and Romans were more concerned with the following rather than the color of one's skin: Multiple choice.
hairstyles, customs, clothing, and diet
117
The evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions or lack of education (or willful ignorance) originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture is _________. Fill in the blank.
ethnocentrism
118
Judging a person's character based on their facial characteristics is known as ____. Fill in the blank.
physiognomy
119
Early Christian communities had difficulty reconciling Jewish identity with the belief that through the Israelite nation, God would bless: Multiple Choice.
everyone
119
Actions based on prejudicial assumptions are called ______________. Multiple choice.
discrimination
119
T/F. Slavery in the classical and late antique eras is comparable to (or equal to) the enslavement of persons during the colonization of Central and South America and the Mid-Atlantic slave trade.
FALSE
120
Clement of Alexandria and other apologists argued that a combination of the following foundational pieces emerged in Christianity, as the “the defining characteristic of one’s race.” Multiple choice.
how they worshipped, locations, influence, separation, social order
121
T/F. After Christianity became legal and expanded into Europe, the “universal human community” of Jesus became identified with gentile, European (white) identity.
True
122
.T/F. As Christianity expanded, the tendency to stigmatize Jews declined.
false
123
T/F. In time, the “whiteness” of European Christianity came to represent the religion of Christianity as a whole, and skin-color a marker of those outside the faith.
true
124
Scientific study of genetics that resulted in a science-based racism is called _________. Fill in the blank.
Eugenics
125
______________ is the belief that the Jews killed Jesus. Multiple choice.
Deicide
126
The notion that Christianity replaced Judaism is called _________________. Fill in the blank
Supersessionalism
127
The following philosophers' views on biology influenced subsequent centuries of conversation on gender: Multiple Choice.
Aristotle and Plato
128
T/F. In the classical and late antique era, views of gender were fixed and stable.
False
129
According to Plato, women are physically inferior and weaker than men, and identity comes from the ____.
Soul
130
T/F. According to Plato, a female can transcend her 'female-ness' through education.
True
131
In Christian vocabulary, a righteous and/or morally upright woman could become a: Multiple Choice.
female man of god
132
T/F. In the classical and late antique era, conversations about sex and gender were always about sex and gender.
false
133
T/F. For the most part, Jesus encouraged women who sought to engage with him in the public and private realm.
true
134
According to Aristotle, a woman cannot transcend her gender because she is a/an ______ male. Multiple Choice.
disabled, inferior, not full-formed
135
T/F. A noble Roman woman could refuse a match made by her father by demonstrating that the proposed husband was of bad character.
False
136
According to Rodney Stark, sex ratios were different among Christian subcultures—and thus influenced the growth of Christianity—because: Multiple Choice.
abortion and infanticide were prohibited, women had higher status, secondary converts = higher birthrates, more values/honored with more freedom
137
In the early Pauline communities, women were engaged in the following actions in the liturgical services: Multiple Choice.
healthcare, education, missionaries
138
T/F. In the letters that scholars know that Paul wrote, Paul wrote of women as his equals, and co-authoritative in his ministry activity.
True
139
In Late Antiquity, gender was often understood as __________.
fluid
140
Tertullian writes that women have inherited the sin of: Multiple Choice.
Eve
141
T/F. According to Rodney Stark, Christian women had higher status in Christian communities.
true
142
According to Rodney Stark, bans against __________ and _________meant Christian subcultures developed substantial numbers of women.
abortion and infanticide
143
The primary contributing factor in Thekla's rise in authority can be linked to her: Multiple Choice.
chastity
144
Tertullian counseled against women over-concerned with the 'female habit,' as he was anxious that women safeguard their: Multiple Choice.
humility and chastity
145
T/F. Ordination is the initial period of instruction for Christians seeking access to baptism and the eucharist.
False
146
Catechumens did not share in the following repeatable sacrament: Multiple choice.
Eucharist
147
The reasons individuals converted to Christianity in late antiquity included: Multiple choice.
Epiphany , intellectual process, social pressure, social benefit, doctrine
148
Match the following individuals with their definition: Catechumen, baptized, lapsed, penitent, apostate, excommunicate
catechumen - a convert under instruction ,
baptized - one who is admitted ,
lapsed - one no longer practicing ,
penitent - one expressing regret (usually publicly) for one’s sins,
apostate - one who renounces or abandons a belief ,
excommunicate - one who has been officially barred from a group .
149
The earliest surviving account of what happens in a Christian liturgy is found in the work of _____
Justin Martyr
150
The following rituals were practiced by the earliest Christian communities. Multiple choice.
Tattoo, the Eucharist, fasting, baptism, common meals, veiling, prayer, ordination
151
T/F. Christians were the only religious group or community that practiced baptism.
False
152
T/F. The eucharist is a repeatable ritual.
True
153
T/F. The Eucharist continues the Hellenistic and Roman tradition of common meals.
True
154
"Liturgy" means public ______
worship
155
Those who serve the laypersons in ritual communities are known as ________ and the female counterparts, the _____________.
deacon, deaconess
156
T/F. In time, the Christian liturgical calendar will include the entirety of the year, not just worship on Sundays.
True
157
Christian communities (as explained by Lynch), included the following groups of persons: Multiple choice.
Clergy, laity, ordination, catechumens, lapsed,
158
The pivotal part of a Christians life was the moment of _______. Multiple choice.
159
T/F. A catechumen is someone who is training to be a member of the clergy.
True
160
T/F. A person is not a Christian until they are baptized.
False
161
Additional Christian customs and rituals (besides the eucharist and baptism) included: Multiple choice.
Sunday ( 7th day of rest, study of ritual )
Passover
Repentance
Mass
Tattooing, ash Wednesday, fasting, prayer, veiling
162
T/F. Jesus actively engaged with people irrespective of the state of their bodies or their ability to pay for medical care.
True
163
T/F. For many people in the ancient world (and even now), disease was/is an expression of divine discontentment.
True
164
According to Cyprian of Carthage, Christians who died during the time of plague were known as __
martyrs
165
Match the following terms with their definition: disease, sickness, illness.
Disease - underlying pathology, sickness - social or cultural beliefs, illness - subjective feeling
166
T/F. In a Roman household, a person could seek and receive healthcare if they received permission from the household gods.
False
167
Medical care in the classical world and late antiquity included: Multiple choice.
- folk healers, physicians, family, divinities
168
Historical events that shaped Christians’ views toward healthcare included: Multiple choice.
Jesus as a folk healer/ preferential treatment to marginalized
Persecution
Theological concepts: resurrection, death, suffering, kin
Hygiene, poverty, population
Disease
Natural disasters
169
T/F. Almost universally, early Christians agreed that disease as well as medicine was sent from God.
True
170
According to Cyprian of Carthage, Christianity provided a theological rationale for illness during the plague, one that offered consolation in the form of:Multiple choice.
171
The most recent studies of the evidence from the time of the Plague of Cyprian offer that people suffered during that time not from the plague, but from a disease known as:
Ebola
172
In the classical world and late antiquity, people sought medical care from the following: Multiple choice.
folk healers, physicians, family, divinities
173
T/F. Christianity’s response to widespread illness during the plague in Carthage made the religion less attractive to others.
False
174
T/F. The approach that Christians took to illness, medical care, and death weakened an already struggling religion.
False
175
T/F. Some Christians believed that their religious views would protect them from disease.
True
176
T/F. Dionysius and Cyprian write that both pagans and Christians have an equal share in mortality.
False
177
The types of plagues that have been historically represented in the sources include: Multiple choice.
Cholera, smallpox, and anthrax
Meningitis and dysentery
178
According to Stark, a major difference between Graeco-Roman religions and Christianity, is that Christianity offered __________ to its followers; this impacted the Christian view of death.
compensation
179
T/F. According to Stark, Graeco-Roman religions were far superior to the Christian religion with respect to addressing the challenges of widespread disease.
False
180
T/F. Judaism and Christianity offered a distinctive link between social ethics and religion.
False
181
According to Stark, social, and ecological disasters are often accompanied by crises of faith because: Multiple choice.
Disasters places demands on religion, religion my fail to provide answers
182
T/F. For Jews, the restoration of the diseased person to community was not important.
False
183
Jews and Romans shared the following views about the relationship between disease and morality: Multiple choice.
Moral failure was at the root of disease
184
T/F. According to Stark, sewers and instruments of sanitation kept the average Roman citizen in a city in late antiquity safe from the types of items which can easily lead to disease, including animal manure, corpses, human feces, and urine.
185
According to both Cyprian and Dionysius, the plague provided Christians with the opportunity to aid their fellow citizens through: Multiple choice.
Theological rationale, social networks, and healthcare
186
According to Cyprian, when Christians die, they are ________ from the world.
187
T/F. According to Dionysius, many Christians died attending to the needs of their plague-ridden neighbors
False
188
Any person who embraces a life of self-denial is an ____
Ascetic
189
Monasticism is organized ________
asceticism
190
MC. The following social trends influenced the rise of monasticism within Christianity:
Roman: Athleticism, soldiers, philosophy, social values (kin)
Jewish: Essenes, Jesus “hard saying”, Pauling promotion
Xian Theology: apostolic, martyrdom, imperial christian landscape
191
T/F. Christians invented monasticism and monastic life.
False
192
T/F. The legalization of Christianity in the early fourth century was greeted with unanimous relief by Christians.
False
193
T/F. For many Christians, the enveloping of Christianity by the Imperial landscape was a natural conclusion to what was sent in motion when, according to the Gospel account, Caesar Augustus sent everyone home to be counted.
True
194
T/F. Living as a monastic, a woman could be considered as equal to —or even superior to—a man.
True
195
The word “monasticism” and “monk” come from the Greek word monos, which means
Alone, left alone, forsaken
196
MC. The ‘official’ status of Christianity and, in time, the promotion of Christianity by the Roman government resulted in the following visible changes:
197
The influential passages in Christian scriptures in which Jesus encourages his followers to abandon conventional values and material goods are known as the :
hard sayings
198
Asceticism and the institution of Christian monasticism did not just impact the lives of the laity, but it also influenced the basic idea of what it meant to be a Christian ____
Leader
199
T/F. Some Christians viewed the legalization of Christianity as affirmation of God’s plan.
True
200
A coenobitic monk lives in _____
community/communal
201
Asceticism enables individuals like Simeon and Pelagia to function in society in a way that is different from others. Though it may seem restricting, asceticism and monastic life offers a form of ______
liberation
202
T/F. Christians were universally overjoyed and relieved with the legalization of Christianity in the year 311 with the “Edict of Toleration.”
False
203
Communal monasticism within Christianity is credited to the Egyptian convert {__________}, who modeled his monastic institution on the {__________}.
Saint Anthony of Egypt; purification?
204
T/F. Monastic life and ascetic practices were universally popular in Christianity.
False
205
The earliest monastic communities were not Christian but are a result of the work of {__________} who lived in India sometime in the 5th to 4th century BCE.
Buddha?
206
T/F. As a rule, monasteries do not welcome or encourage visitors.
False
207
MC. Identify the multiple implications of the development of monasticism for Christians; monasticism provided the opportunity for:
Choice, professional life, freedom of movement
208
T/F. Once an individual commits to a monastic life, they are bound to that forever.
False
209
The primary occupation of a monk is _____
Prayer
210
MC. Generally, ascetic practices amongst monks include:
Isolation, fasting, poverty, sexual abstinence, sleep deprivation, obedience, prayer, hospitality
211
MC. Monasteries provided the blueprint for the following modern institutions:
Hospitals, orphanages, and school
