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Unit One + Two Flashcards

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1
Q

The figure of “Mary” from the Gnostic Christian text the Gospel of Mary is referring to Mary Magdalene, a figure noted in the Gospels. Identify how the west and east differ in their interpretation of the title of this important, historical figure.

A

West: repentant harlot, nude
East: Equal to apostle, clothed

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2
Q

The Montanists where a Gnostic Christian group who had, as their authority figures, the following: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Female, Prisca and Maximilla

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3
Q

T/F. In the Gnostic Christian text the Gospel of Mary, it is clear that women are authoritative figures to be respected in the developing Christian community.

A

FALSE

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4
Q

In the Gnostic Christian test the Gospel of Mary, Peter acknowledges that Jesus loved Mary more than: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Everyone (including the men)

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5
Q

Some accounts from the Infancy Gospel of Thomas are found as a crossover in the following religious scriptures: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Qur’an

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6
Q

Identify some of the reasons as to why the Infancy Gospel of Thomas— and other texts like it— would need to be written: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

To show Jesus’s life as a child and what he had to endure

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7
Q

T/F. The Nag Hammadi library were fringe texts, possibly illegal, and were likely to be hidden during a crackdown on what people were reading.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

T/F. Christian groups that formed around these Christological conversations and definitions were not actually real Christians.

A

FALSE

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9
Q

The discovery of the texts known as the ____ library revolutionized how we study early Christianity and early Christian history: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Nag Hammadi

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10
Q

T/F. Converts who joined the Jesus Movement came from such wide backgrounds, social status, and ethnicities that they enriched the earliest Christian groups.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

T/F. Many Gnostic Christians seem to have valued personal experience, personal exploration of self and the creativity that encourages diverse, even contradictory expressions of Christian belief.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Gnostic Christianity generally valued the following: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Experience, personal exploration of self and creativity

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13
Q

Marcion believed that the God of the Hebrew Bible was: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Jealous, wrathful, inconsistent - BAD

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14
Q

was an important, early Christian thinker who proposed a Christian canon.

A

Marcion

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15
Q

The reading of Christian texts through a Gnostic Christian lens instigated the process of: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Scriptural interpretation

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16
Q

T/F. Gnostic Christians believe that matter is inherently good.

A

FALSE

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17
Q

Theology concerned with the nature and person of Jesus is called: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Christology

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18
Q

T/F. “Canon” means “correct”

A

TRUE

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19
Q

The criteria for “canon” were that the text has to be: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Apostolic, orthodox, catholic, and ancient

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20
Q

T/F. Gnostic Christianity was very individualist rather then communal .

A

TRUE

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21
Q

“Gnosis” means: (identify from a list - multiple choice).

A

Knowledge

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22
Q

T/F. Paul made the theology of the Jesus Movement attractive to Gentiles because he spoke and wrote of the inclusivity (some say universality) of the activity of Jesus.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Conditions that were favorable to Paul’s missionary activity include: (identify from a list).

A

Access to safe road and seaways, not attract much attention, benefitted from Roman tolerance, the geography of languages within the empire

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24
Q

Violence in Palestine between the Jews and the Romans harmed relations between Jews, Jewish Christians, and Gentile Christians; this rift was made all the more permanent by the destruction of the – in the year*–. Fill in the blanks.

A

Temple, 70CE

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25
Q

Two early leaders of the Jesus Movement who clashed about the relationship between Jews and Gentiles were: (identify from a list).

A

Luke and Paul or *Paul and James

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26
Q

Aspects of Jewish culture that remained intact among the earliest followers of the Jesus Moment include: (identify from a list).

A

*Baptisms, *circumcisions, *Temple, *group meals, Mosaic Law, and *Dietary law & critical dialogue

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27
Q

Paul described the followers of Jesus as faithful to the Mosaic ____. Fill in the blank.

A

LAW

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28
Q

T/F. The Romans were responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus.

A

TRUE

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29
Q

The destruction of Sepphoris in 4 BCE would likely have had no impact on the life of Jesus.

A

FALSE

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30
Q

The Gospel that was written first and inspired the others was: (identify from a list).

A

Gospel of Mark

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31
Q

T/F. The Gospels offer an incomplete look at Jesus’ life and activity.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

T/F. Jesus left behind many first-hand accounts of his ministry and doctrine.

A

FALSE

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33
Q

Gentile converts into Christianity were those who did not bring the history and culture of Judaism within them into the community. What core values of Judaism were off-putting to these converts, and therefore had to be altered? Identify from a list.

A

Mosaic Law of Circumcision, dietary restrictions,

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34
Q

The distinctive belief that set followers of the Jesus Movement apart from other Jews was their claim that Jesus of Nazareth was a: (identify from a list).

A

Messiah (savior, son of God)

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35
Q

“Messiah” means: (fill in the blank).

A

Anointed or Christ

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36
Q

The Jewish faction that survived the Jewish revolts against the Romans were the: (identify from a list).

A

Pharisees

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37
Q

When the hemorrhaging woman touched Jesus and he acknowledged her, he was engaging with a person who was, by Roman standards: (identify from a list).

A

Impure/unclean

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38
Q

T/F. According to the Gospel accounts, Jesus engaged in actions that upheld Roman social values.

A

FALSE

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39
Q

T/F. The Gospel accounts agree with one another regarding the details of Jesus’ life and activity.

A

FALSE

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40
Q

T/F. The Essenes were Jewish activist/scholars who engaged in conversation with individuals like Jesus, as they sought to make the Law relevant for Roman-occupied Judah.

A

FALSE

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41
Q

The most appropriate place to worship the god of the Jews was in the: (identify from a list).

A

Temple

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42
Q

T/F. Judaism had no appeal to Greeks and Romans.

A

FALSE

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43
Q

T/F. Jews were happy to relinquish their rights and autonomy to pay the Romans their taxes and live quiet, peaceful lives with the Romans in charge.

A

FALSE

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44
Q

Jewish factions in the first century prior to the Destruction of the Temple were: (identify from a list).

A

The Sudducees, Pharisees, Essenes, Zealots

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45
Q

The revolt of the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire resulted in a rise in this unique aspect of religious practice:

A

“end time” or willingness to die . *Cultural/ethnic identities

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46
Q

Jews are monotheistic, which means: (identify from a list).

A

They only acknowledged and worshipped ONE God - although they might believe others exist

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47
Q

Forced Hellenization brought the following consequences for Jewish life in the two centuries before the common era: (identify from a list).

A

Jewish/non jewish distinctions in society ; emphasis on the Law amongst pious Jews; Jewish avoidance of “gentile” lead to anti-Semitism ; Martyr precedent ; “end times”

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48
Q

T/F. Alexander the Great spread Roman culture across the Mediterranean.

A

TRUE

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49
Q

While in Babylonian captivity, the Israelites came into contact with Zoroastrian religious beliefs, which—in time—influenced the religion of the Israelites. These beliefs included the following (identify from a list).

A

Afterlife, immortality for righteous, paradise, resurrection of the dead

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50
Q

This Persian King, known as the “King of Kings” ended the Babylonian captivity of the Jews, and provided the means for them to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem:

A

Cyrus the Great.

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51
Q

Central characteristics or central features of ordinary Judaism in Palestine included: (identify from a list).

A

Covenant or Law; *Monotheistic; *one God made covenant with the covenant ; Sabbath; bodily implications

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52
Q

The god of the Hebrew people was (properly) worshiped in a Temple in

A

Jerusalem

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53
Q

T/F. The Romans did not permit the Jews to practice their religion.

A

TRUE

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54
Q

Caesar Augustus, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, had the title (in English)

A

The son of God

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55
Q

The general public engaged in various ritual activities to and for their deities in order to receive traditional benefits, which included the following (check all that apply):

A

Health, insight, competition, desire, salvation, relationships, fertility, revenge

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56
Q

T/F. Philosophers, authors and artists, and the general public agreed on how the divine interacted with the world.

A

FALSE

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57
Q

T/F. The “cult of the emperor” meant that everyone believed that the emperor was divine.

A

FALSE, they had to publicly display loyalty, not privately

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58
Q

Another word for “faith” in classical and late antiquity was (check all that apply).

A

Loyalty and fidelity or ***fides

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59
Q

T/F. Religion in the Roman Empire was integral to everyday activities.

A

TRUE

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60
Q

T/F. The elite members of society were required to provide benefits for the ‘middlings’.

A

TRUE

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61
Q

Romulus and Remus were twins whose father was a — and whose mother was a –

A

God (of war) , Vestal Virgin.

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62
Q

T/F. Every religion is a cult, but not every cult is a religion.

A

TRUE

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63
Q

The key Roman social values that impact our study of early Christian history (and their counterparts) include: (identify from a list).

A

Honor/shame, purity/pollution, patron/client, kin/outsider

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64
Q

T/F. When evaluating a source that is two thousand years old, the assumptions of the author do not matter because they are dead, and we cannot ask them anything.

A

FALSE

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65
Q

T/F. Primary sources are true.

A

FALSE

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66
Q

T/F. Pre-Enlightenment, historical accuracy was subservient to theological views.

A

TRUE

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67
Q

Ways of studying religion include the following methods: (identify from a list).

A

Four tools to understanding religion: Rituals (routines) , Ethics (actions by values), Theology (deceptive meanings), Social Structures (norms)
Change, part does not equal whole, culture - laws/social norms , (re)interpretation
*Practitioner and non-practitioner

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68
Q

T/F. A secondary source is about history, but it is not proof of history.

A

TRUE

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69
Q

For our class, we will understand the Christian religion as a system that binds its followers together through the following (identify from a list).

A

Theological beliefs, literature, values and expectations

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70
Q

Primary sources for the study of religion include: (identify from a list).

A

Internet History Sourcebook, Catholic Encyclopedia (“Fathers of the Church”), History if Science and Medicine Primary Sources at Yale
*Or books, pamphlets, sermons, other contemporary writings by religious officials or members

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71
Q

“Religion” is related to the word — which is a binding and supporting system.

A

*religare or ligament,

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72
Q

For the thoughtful citizen, attention to the historical record and to the theological foundations of religion are antidotes to making — about the past.

A

generalities

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73
Q

Historical facts are only knowable by their —.

A

evidence

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74
Q

The term “history” means to learn by — .

A

inquiry

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75
Q

Critical thinking skills include the following: (identify from a list).

A

Careful reading, suspensions of personal judgement, evaluation of text and data, awareness of multiple perspectives, analysis of implications of belief systems, the construction and development of a claim that can be supported with evidence, and the re-evaluation of one’s claims/assumptions in light of new information

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76
Q

T/F Persecutions against Christians were constant for the first three hundred years.

A

FALSE

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77
Q

T/F Christians were unified in there response to the Roman Empire’s request for fidelity to the Imperial Cult

A

FALSE

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78
Q

While the Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas include several Roman social values we have discussed, it effectively highlights the transformation of familial bonds, which is the Roman social value of ________.

A

KIN

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79
Q

According to Rodney Stark, “Religion supplies compensatory for rewards that are scarce or unavailable.” This is known as : ________.

A

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

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80
Q

Christians aroused suspicion about their rituals because they kept them : _________

A

PRIVATE

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81
Q

Unlike other cults, Christianity different in that Christians attempted to ________ other people to Christianity.

A

CONVERT

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82
Q

Under the Emperor ________, Christians were killed because they were blamed for the burning of Rome.

A

NERO

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83
Q

T/F. Persecution against Christians in North Africa was consistent.

A

FALSE

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84
Q

Persecutions—when they happened—were:

A

SPECIFIC, LOCAL, VIOLENT, AND PUBLIC

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85
Q

The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas suggests that if a women can transcend her ______ she can demonstrate honor.

A

gender

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86
Q

Identify the Roman social values that Perpetua violates.

A

Kin/outsider, honor/shame

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87
Q

According to Lynch, martyrdom contributed to early Christian identity because it created an _______ status.

A

Fluid?

88
Q

According to Lynch, martyrdom contributed to early Christian identity because it provided a model for response to ________.

A

persecution

89
Q

. According to Lynch, martyrdom contributed to early Christian identity because it created an ________ tool.

A

evangelistic

90
Q

According to Lynch, martyrdom contributed to early Christian identity because it created the opportunity to: Multiple choice.

A

imitate Christ

91
Q

T/F. Martyrdom assisted Christians in supporting the theological interchange that they claimed existed between the living and the dead.

A

TRUE

92
Q

T/F. Cults that were imported into the Roman Empire did not require legal approval.

A

TRUE

93
Q

T/F. The fact that Perpetual wrote her diary means that we have direct access to a woman’s voice from the third century.

A

TRUE

94
Q

T/F. Because of martyr events, held that the dead body was impure.

A

FALSE

95
Q

Rituals and behaviors in which Christians engaged that suggested that they might be subversive included: Multiple Choice

A

free persons/enslaved persons, vocabulary, mystery rituals, gender mixing

96
Q

T/F. Throughout the first few centuries in which Christianity existed as a cult, there was a systematic attempt to kill or persecute Christians.

A

FALSE

97
Q

T/F. Christianity was not a legal cult, but it was not illegal to be a Christian

A

TRUE

98
Q

T/F. As a result of the death of significant Christians, the core of the movement was weakened.

A

FALSE

99
Q

T/F. As a result of the death of significant Christians, the core of the movement was weakened.

A

FALSE

100
Q

T/F. In honoring the martyrs, Christians adopted the methods of the Romans known as the refrigerium by eating meals with their dead.

A

TRUE

101
Q

T/F. Racism among Christians in North America is lower than among non-religious individuals.

A

FALSE

102
Q

T/F. In the Roman Empire, slavery was a component of the economy, and built into the system.

A

TRUE

103
Q

The most well-known proponent of universalism and universal salvation in Christianity was the Egyptian theologian and apologist: Multiple Choice.

A

Origen of Alexandria

104
Q

The anonymous Letter to Diognetus is intended to address concerns that individuals have about Christianity as it is emerging, and the author is anxious to distinguish Christians from: Multiple Choice.

A

philosophers, jews, practitioners of ancestral religions

105
Q

For the author of the Letter to Diognetus, Christ was sent from God to bring the following people to salvation: Multiple Choice.

A

Everyone

106
Q

T/F. The author of the Letter to Diognetus finds allegiance between Christianity, pagan philosophy, and ancestral myths.

A

FALSE

107
Q

According to the author of the Letter to Diognetus, Christians are to the world what the soul is to the _______. Fill in the blank.

A

BODY

108
Q

T/F. For the author of the Letter to Diognetus, Christians are no different from anyone else.

A

TRUE

109
Q

You will be asked to match the various groups about which the author of the Letter to Diognetus with how he describes them.

A

JEWS are arrogant and suspicious, philosophers are vain and ridiculous, greeks are misguided and disdainful

110
Q

T/F. Early Christians viewed ‘race’ as a form of human difference that could be made irrelevant.

A

true

110
Q

In late antiquity, when an individual ‘opted in’ to various forms of human difference (hair style, name, clothing, etc.), that is a form of race or ethnic mutability known as __________. Fill in the blank

A

appropriation –

111
Q

T/F. Ancient ideas about race were beneficial for Christians who were trying to define themselves in a Roman world.

A

true

112
Q

T/F. Since the 19th century, beliefs that early Christians were racially inclusive has resulted in the discrimination of non-Christian ideas and/or individuals on the basis of race.

A

true

113
Q

According to Buell, many early Christian theologians wrote about Christianity as a ‘race’ that one might rightfully: Multiple Choice.

A

JOIN

114
Q

According to Buell, “defining Christianness in contract to race has not solved the problems of…”: Multiple Choice

A

anti-judaism and racism

115
Q

According to Clement of Alexandria, _______ produces distinctions among various races. Multiple choice.

A

religion practices, not religion

116
Q

T/F. According to some Late Antique texts, the adoption or rejection of religious practices, laws, customs, or languages could signal to others that a person had transcended or changed their ethnicity or racial identity.

A

true

117
Q

In the classical and late antique eras, Greeks and Romans were more concerned with the following rather than the color of one’s skin: Multiple choice.

A

hairstyles, customs, clothing, and diet

117
Q

The evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions or lack of education (or willful ignorance) originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture is _________. Fill in the blank.

A

ethnocentrism

118
Q

Judging a person’s character based on their facial characteristics is known as ____. Fill in the blank.

A

physiognomy

119
Q

Early Christian communities had difficulty reconciling Jewish identity with the belief that through the Israelite nation, God would bless: Multiple Choice.

A

everyone

119
Q

Actions based on prejudicial assumptions are called ______________. Multiple choice.

A

discrimination

119
Q

T/F. Slavery in the classical and late antique eras is comparable to (or equal to) the enslavement of persons during the colonization of Central and South America and the Mid-Atlantic slave trade.

A

FALSE

120
Q

Clement of Alexandria and other apologists argued that a combination of the following foundational pieces emerged in Christianity, as the “the defining characteristic of one’s race.” Multiple choice.

A

how they worshipped, locations, influence, separation, social order

121
Q

T/F. After Christianity became legal and expanded into Europe, the “universal human community” of Jesus became identified with gentile, European (white) identity.

A

True

122
Q

.T/F. As Christianity expanded, the tendency to stigmatize Jews declined.

A

false

123
Q

T/F. In time, the “whiteness” of European Christianity came to represent the religion of Christianity as a whole, and skin-color a marker of those outside the faith.

A

true

124
Q

Scientific study of genetics that resulted in a science-based racism is called _________. Fill in the blank.

A

Eugenics

125
Q

______________ is the belief that the Jews killed Jesus. Multiple choice.

A

Deicide

126
Q

The notion that Christianity replaced Judaism is called _________________. Fill in the blank

A

Supersessionalism

127
Q

The following philosophers’ views on biology influenced subsequent centuries of conversation on gender: Multiple Choice.

A

Aristotle and Plato

128
Q

T/F. In the classical and late antique era, views of gender were fixed and stable.

A

False

129
Q

According to Plato, women are physically inferior and weaker than men, and identity comes from the ____.

A

Soul

130
Q

T/F. According to Plato, a female can transcend her ‘female-ness’ through education.

A

True

131
Q

In Christian vocabulary, a righteous and/or morally upright woman could become a: Multiple Choice.

A

female man of god

132
Q

T/F. In the classical and late antique era, conversations about sex and gender were always about sex and gender.

A

false

133
Q

T/F. For the most part, Jesus encouraged women who sought to engage with him in the public and private realm.

A

true

134
Q

According to Aristotle, a woman cannot transcend her gender because she is a/an ______ male. Multiple Choice.

A

disabled, inferior, not full-formed

135
Q

T/F. A noble Roman woman could refuse a match made by her father by demonstrating that the proposed husband was of bad character.

A

False

136
Q

According to Rodney Stark, sex ratios were different among Christian subcultures—and thus influenced the growth of Christianity—because: Multiple Choice.

A

abortion and infanticide were prohibited, women had higher status, secondary converts = higher birthrates, more values/honored with more freedom

137
Q

In the early Pauline communities, women were engaged in the following actions in the liturgical services: Multiple Choice.

A

healthcare, education, missionaries

138
Q

T/F. In the letters that scholars know that Paul wrote, Paul wrote of women as his equals, and co-authoritative in his ministry activity.

A

True

139
Q

In Late Antiquity, gender was often understood as __________.

A

fluid

140
Q

Tertullian writes that women have inherited the sin of: Multiple Choice.

A

Eve

141
Q

T/F. According to Rodney Stark, Christian women had higher status in Christian communities.

A

true

142
Q

According to Rodney Stark, bans against __________ and _________meant Christian subcultures developed substantial numbers of women.

A

abortion and infanticide

143
Q

The primary contributing factor in Thekla’s rise in authority can be linked to her: Multiple Choice.

A

chastity

144
Q

Tertullian counseled against women over-concerned with the ‘female habit,’ as he was anxious that women safeguard their: Multiple Choice.

A

humility and chastity

145
Q

T/F. Ordination is the initial period of instruction for Christians seeking access to baptism and the eucharist.

A

False

146
Q

Catechumens did not share in the following repeatable sacrament: Multiple choice.

A

Eucharist

147
Q

The reasons individuals converted to Christianity in late antiquity included: Multiple choice.

A

Epiphany , intellectual process, social pressure, social benefit, doctrine

148
Q

Match the following individuals with their definition: Catechumen, baptized, lapsed, penitent, apostate, excommunicate

A

catechumen - a convert under instruction ,
baptized - one who is admitted ,
lapsed - one no longer practicing ,
penitent - one expressing regret (usually publicly) for one’s sins,
apostate - one who renounces or abandons a belief ,
excommunicate - one who has been officially barred from a group .

149
Q

The earliest surviving account of what happens in a Christian liturgy is found in the work of _____

A

Justin Martyr

150
Q

The following rituals were practiced by the earliest Christian communities. Multiple choice.

A

Tattoo, the Eucharist, fasting, baptism, common meals, veiling, prayer, ordination

151
Q

T/F. Christians were the only religious group or community that practiced baptism.

A

False

152
Q

T/F. The eucharist is a repeatable ritual.

A

True

153
Q

T/F. The Eucharist continues the Hellenistic and Roman tradition of common meals.

A

True

154
Q

“Liturgy” means public ______

A

worship

155
Q

Those who serve the laypersons in ritual communities are known as ________ and the female counterparts, the _____________.

A

deacon, deaconess

156
Q

T/F. In time, the Christian liturgical calendar will include the entirety of the year, not just worship on Sundays.

A

True

157
Q

Christian communities (as explained by Lynch), included the following groups of persons: Multiple choice.

A

Clergy, laity, ordination, catechumens, lapsed,

158
Q

The pivotal part of a Christians life was the moment of _______. Multiple choice.

A
159
Q

T/F. A catechumen is someone who is training to be a member of the clergy.

A

True

160
Q

T/F. A person is not a Christian until they are baptized.

A

False

161
Q

Additional Christian customs and rituals (besides the eucharist and baptism) included: Multiple choice.

A

Sunday ( 7th day of rest, study of ritual )
Passover
Repentance
Mass
Tattooing, ash Wednesday, fasting, prayer, veiling

162
Q

T/F. Jesus actively engaged with people irrespective of the state of their bodies or their ability to pay for medical care.

A

True

163
Q

T/F. For many people in the ancient world (and even now), disease was/is an expression of divine discontentment.

A

True

164
Q

According to Cyprian of Carthage, Christians who died during the time of plague were known as __

A

martyrs

165
Q

Match the following terms with their definition: disease, sickness, illness.

A

Disease - underlying pathology, sickness - social or cultural beliefs, illness - subjective feeling

166
Q

T/F. In a Roman household, a person could seek and receive healthcare if they received permission from the household gods.

A

False

167
Q

Medical care in the classical world and late antiquity included: Multiple choice.

A
  • folk healers, physicians, family, divinities
168
Q

Historical events that shaped Christians’ views toward healthcare included: Multiple choice.

A

Jesus as a folk healer/ preferential treatment to marginalized
Persecution
Theological concepts: resurrection, death, suffering, kin
Hygiene, poverty, population
Disease
Natural disasters

169
Q

T/F. Almost universally, early Christians agreed that disease as well as medicine was sent from God.

A

True

170
Q

According to Cyprian of Carthage, Christianity provided a theological rationale for illness during the plague, one that offered consolation in the form of:Multiple choice.

A
171
Q

The most recent studies of the evidence from the time of the Plague of Cyprian offer that people suffered during that time not from the plague, but from a disease known as:

A

Ebola

172
Q

In the classical world and late antiquity, people sought medical care from the following: Multiple choice.

A

folk healers, physicians, family, divinities

173
Q

T/F. Christianity’s response to widespread illness during the plague in Carthage made the religion less attractive to others.

A

False

174
Q

T/F. The approach that Christians took to illness, medical care, and death weakened an already struggling religion.

A

False

175
Q

T/F. Some Christians believed that their religious views would protect them from disease.

A

True

176
Q

T/F. Dionysius and Cyprian write that both pagans and Christians have an equal share in mortality.

A

False

177
Q

The types of plagues that have been historically represented in the sources include: Multiple choice.

A

Cholera, smallpox, and anthrax
Meningitis and dysentery

178
Q

According to Stark, a major difference between Graeco-Roman religions and Christianity, is that Christianity offered __________ to its followers; this impacted the Christian view of death.

A

compensation

179
Q

T/F. According to Stark, Graeco-Roman religions were far superior to the Christian religion with respect to addressing the challenges of widespread disease.

A

False

180
Q

T/F. Judaism and Christianity offered a distinctive link between social ethics and religion.

A

False

181
Q

According to Stark, social, and ecological disasters are often accompanied by crises of faith because: Multiple choice.

A

Disasters places demands on religion, religion my fail to provide answers

182
Q

T/F. For Jews, the restoration of the diseased person to community was not important.

A

False

183
Q

Jews and Romans shared the following views about the relationship between disease and morality: Multiple choice.

A

Moral failure was at the root of disease

184
Q

T/F. According to Stark, sewers and instruments of sanitation kept the average Roman citizen in a city in late antiquity safe from the types of items which can easily lead to disease, including animal manure, corpses, human feces, and urine.

A
185
Q

According to both Cyprian and Dionysius, the plague provided Christians with the opportunity to aid their fellow citizens through: Multiple choice.

A

Theological rationale, social networks, and healthcare

186
Q

According to Cyprian, when Christians die, they are ________ from the world.

A
187
Q

T/F. According to Dionysius, many Christians died attending to the needs of their plague-ridden neighbors

A

False

188
Q

Any person who embraces a life of self-denial is an ____

A

Ascetic

189
Q

Monasticism is organized ________

A

asceticism

190
Q

MC. The following social trends influenced the rise of monasticism within Christianity:

A

Roman: Athleticism, soldiers, philosophy, social values (kin)
Jewish: Essenes, Jesus “hard saying”, Pauling promotion
Xian Theology: apostolic, martyrdom, imperial christian landscape

191
Q

T/F. Christians invented monasticism and monastic life.

A

False

192
Q

T/F. The legalization of Christianity in the early fourth century was greeted with unanimous relief by Christians.

A

False

193
Q

T/F. For many Christians, the enveloping of Christianity by the Imperial landscape was a natural conclusion to what was sent in motion when, according to the Gospel account, Caesar Augustus sent everyone home to be counted.

A

True

194
Q

T/F. Living as a monastic, a woman could be considered as equal to —or even superior to—a man.

A

True

195
Q

The word “monasticism” and “monk” come from the Greek word monos, which means

A

Alone, left alone, forsaken

196
Q

MC. The ‘official’ status of Christianity and, in time, the promotion of Christianity by the Roman government resulted in the following visible changes:

A
197
Q

The influential passages in Christian scriptures in which Jesus encourages his followers to abandon conventional values and material goods are known as the :

A

hard sayings

198
Q

Asceticism and the institution of Christian monasticism did not just impact the lives of the laity, but it also influenced the basic idea of what it meant to be a Christian ____

A

Leader

199
Q

T/F. Some Christians viewed the legalization of Christianity as affirmation of God’s plan.

A

True

200
Q

A coenobitic monk lives in _____

A

community/communal

201
Q

Asceticism enables individuals like Simeon and Pelagia to function in society in a way that is different from others. Though it may seem restricting, asceticism and monastic life offers a form of ______

A

liberation

202
Q

T/F. Christians were universally overjoyed and relieved with the legalization of Christianity in the year 311 with the “Edict of Toleration.”

A

False

203
Q

Communal monasticism within Christianity is credited to the Egyptian convert {__________}, who modeled his monastic institution on the {__________}.

A

Saint Anthony of Egypt; purification?

204
Q

T/F. Monastic life and ascetic practices were universally popular in Christianity.

A

False

205
Q

The earliest monastic communities were not Christian but are a result of the work of {__________} who lived in India sometime in the 5th to 4th century BCE.

A

Buddha?

206
Q

T/F. As a rule, monasteries do not welcome or encourage visitors.

A

False

207
Q

MC. Identify the multiple implications of the development of monasticism for Christians; monasticism provided the opportunity for:

A

Choice, professional life, freedom of movement

208
Q

T/F. Once an individual commits to a monastic life, they are bound to that forever.

A

False

209
Q

The primary occupation of a monk is _____

A

Prayer

210
Q

MC. Generally, ascetic practices amongst monks include:

A

Isolation, fasting, poverty, sexual abstinence, sleep deprivation, obedience, prayer, hospitality

211
Q

MC. Monasteries provided the blueprint for the following modern institutions:

A

Hospitals, orphanages, and school

Religion (2 decks)

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