unit one topic B - factors affercting human growth & development

Question 1

what are the genetic factors that affect development?

Answer 1

Each living cell in the human body has a nucleus containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.​

in each pair of chromosomes, one comes from the father and one from the mother

the chromosome inherited from the father determines the gender

an X from the father would result in an XX combination(female) ​

a Y from the father would result in an XY combination (male)​

each chromosome carries units of inheritance known as genes​

genes are made of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA has the biological instructions to create another life

Question 2

the three main genetic factors which affect development?

Answer 2

predisposition diseases - Inherited genes that determine physical growth, development, health and appearance.

susceptible diseases - an increased likelihood of acquiring a disease because of an individual’s genetic makeup

biological factors - the environment inside a mother’s womb can have a dramatic influence on a child’s development. It can affect a child’s long-term development including their attention span and learning abilities

Question 3

define predisposition?

Answer 3

a predisposition is the possibility that you will develop a certain condition​

Question 4

define genetic predisposition?

Answer 4

genetic predisposition means that you inherit genes that determine physical growth, development, health and appearance from one or both of your parents​

Question 5

define susceptibility?

Answer 5

an increased likelihood of acquiring a disease because of an individual’s genetic makeup

Question 6

define biological factors?

Answer 6

the environment inside a mother’s womb can have a dramatic influence on a child’s development

Question 7

factors impacting foetal development?

Answer 7

if a woman smokes or drinks alcohol during pregnancy, foetal development may be affected

Question 8

how can smoking reach the foetus?

Answer 8

the nicotine inhaled in smoking contains carbon dioxide which gets into the blood stream restricting the amount of oxygen to the foetus

Question 9

how does smoking affect the foetus’s health?

Answer 9

children born to mothers who smoke tend to weigh less at birth and are more prone to infections and are twice as likely to die of cot death

Question 10

what are the future impacts of smoking?

Answer 10

it can affect a child’s long-term development including their attention span and learning abilities. Taking drugs and getting some types of infection can also damage a child’s development in the womb

Question 11

define congenital and hereditary illnesses?

Answer 11

congenital - caused by an event that happens in the womb e.g foetal alcohol syndrome, a disease caused when alcohol, passes through the placenta from the mothers blood stream

hereditary - caused by a mutation in the gene, it can carried by one parent e.g cystic fibrosis

Question 12

define a recessive gene and dominant?

Answer 12

a recessive gene must be passed on from both parents for the child to develop the condition

a dominant gene needs only to be passed on by one parent for the child to develop a condition

Question 13

define down syndrome?

Answer 13

individuals have an extra copy of chromosome 21.

this causes characteristic facial features, growth delay and intellectual disability

not inherited but a result of a one-off genetic ‘mistake’ in sperm and egg

Question 14

define Klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 14

boys have an extra X chromosome causing problems during, or a delay in, puberty

Question 15

define colour blindness?

Answer 15

caused by mutations in the X chromosome, so is more common in males. It makes it difficulty to distinguish colours

Question 16

affects of smoking on child?

Answer 16

weight loss 
deprivation of oxygen 
prone to infections
likely to die of cot death 
long-term attention span problems and learning abilities

Question 17

foetal alcohol syndrome examples?

Answer 17

low nasal bridge
minor ear abnormalities 
thin upper lip 
flat midface and short nose
epicanthal folds

Question 18

why is rubella dangerous in pregnant women?

Answer 18

Rubella is particularly dangerous during the first month of pregnancy. If a mother becomes infected in this period her baby may be born with impaired hearing or eyesight, or a damaged hear

Question 19

what can malnutrition do to the foetus during pregnancy?

Answer 19

Malnutrition or a lack of healthy food during pregnancy may result in a lifetime of poor health for the child. ​

Question 20

define congenital defects?

Answer 20

Congenital defects are the most common cause of childhood chronic illness, disability and death.

Question 21

what environmental factors affect foetus’s?

Answer 21

environmental factors such as working or living in polluted areas, exposure to chemicals or pesticides, excessive use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs during pregnancy

Question 22

conditions that caused by an abnormalities in an individuals chromosomes?

Answer 22

Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Colour blindness

Question 23

what is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 23

a faulty gene that is recessive which means both parents must be carriers for their children to develop cystic fibrosis

causes lungs to be clogged with thick sticky mucus

Question 24

define brittle bone disease?

Answer 24

can be passed on by parents but can also develop through gene mutations

children born with brittle bone disease are at a high risk of fracturing or breaking a bone

Question 25

define phenylketonuria?

Answer 25

genetic disorder that prevents a child from breaking down phenylalanine an amino acid - it damages the brain

Question 26

define Huntington disease?

Answer 26

can develop at any age but normally starts between 35-55

it’s an inherited neurodegenerative genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to certain nerve cells

Question 27

define cancer?

Answer 27

Cell disease that results in them becoming abnormal and dividing to make even more abnormal cells

they are a number of cancers where genetic links have been shown

Question 28

define diabetes?

Answer 28

common chronic condition
type one - insulin dependent, normally inherited
type two - lifestyle choices - eating junk food

Question 29

define high blood pressure?

Answer 29

cholesterol is a fatty substance that is carried around the body by proteins, too much can build up in the artery wall, this can cause heart disease

Question 30

define pollutant?

Answer 30

a substance that contaminates something such as air or water and may make it unsafe

Question 31

define respiratory disorder?

Answer 31

conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity

Question 32

define cardiovascular problems?

Answer 32

any disorder or disease of the heart or blood vessels

Question 33

define hypothermia?

Answer 33

excessively low body temperature, below 35degrees (normal temp at 37)

Question 34

what can exposure to pollution cause?

Answer 34

causing particular illnesses such as asthma and other respiratory problems.

Question 35

what are the affects of living in a poor house condition?

Answer 35

increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular disease - anxiety and depression

Question 36

what does problems are there if you live in a poor area?

Answer 36

people living in poorer areas not only die sooner, but spend more of their lives with disability - an average total difference of 17 years​

Question 37

how does being homeless or living in a poor house affect your mental health?

Answer 37

poor housing or homelessness can contribute to the development of mental health problems or can make existing mental health problems more difficult to manage

Question 38

why is there a link between hypothermia from older people and poor households?

Answer 38

older people with low income may worry about the cost of heating causing them to not use it - but be ridiculously cold?

Question 39

define dysfunctional family?

Answer 39

a family that is not providing all of the support and benefits associated with being in a family ​

Question 40

define parenting styles?

Answer 40

a definition of the different strategies/ ways that parents use to bring up their children ​

Question 41

what can causes sibling rivalry?

Answer 41

parents or primary carers may deliberately cause sibling conflict by encouraging competition

Rosenthal and Doherty (1984) - believe that they have been bullied by their primary carers

Question 42

define an authoritative parenting style?

Answer 42

parents are not overly strict; children are brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries

children in these households are often more resilient and conform more easily to the social norms of society

Question 43

define an authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 43

parents have very high expectations, often overwhelming their children with strict rules and regulations

children in these households are often rebellious and may become problematic both in the family home and in wider social settings

Question 44

define an permissive parenting style?

Answer 44

permissive – parents make few demands, and may be reluctant to implement rules or values into the lives of their children

children in these households often lack a sense of self-control as they have no set boundaries or respect for personal space – children may later experience problems in managing relationships and adult responsibilities

Question 45

how can divorce or separation affect a child?

Answer 45

parental divorce can be associated with negative outcomes and children/adolescents can experience emotional problems that may affect their self-esteem and self-confidence, leading to emotional distress, moodiness and depression. ​

children and adolescents may lack resilience, placing greater reliance on and being influenced by their peers. ​

this could lead to risky behaviours such as smoking, taking drugs or using alcohol.

Question 46

ways individuals can be discriminated against?

Answer 46

education
access to employment
access to service

Question 47

what’s a nervous tissue?

Answer 47

all the nerves which branch off from this system are your peripheral nervous system; they take information from your senses and ‘feed it’ to your brain so that an appropriate behavioural response can be made

Question 48

what happens when neurons become damaged?

Answer 48

when neurons are damaged they no longer transmit information efficiently; they may not carry signals towards the brain or they may not be able to transmit behavioural messages towards the muscles and glands

this is why older people have slower reaction times; it takes longer for the signal to reach the brain then return to the muscles

Question 49

what is osteoarthritis?

Answer 49

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease, a result of wear and tear of the joints and the aging process

Osteoarthritis causes thinning and roughening of the joint cartilage

as the bones rub together moving joints cause pain and swelling

eventually, this leads to bony outgrowths developing at the ends of the bones causing damage to the soft tissue around the joints

Question 50

what is dementia?

Answer 50

dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily tasks

Question 51

effects of illness that are common in aging?

Answer 51

pain, stiffness in joints, dizziness, imbalance, loss of sensory awareness etc.

may lead to a reduction in exercise. This leads to an increased risk of heart disease etc. ​

Many older people suffer with incontinence (caused by decreasing muscle control/enlarged prostate/Alzheimer’s).

This can be embarrassing and emotionally disturbing

Question 52

effects of confidence and self-esteem in older people?

Answer 52

Older age could however mean a loss in confidence as the physical effects of aging make daily tasks difficult or impossible. ​

For some older people, their only income maybe their state pension and so they may be struggling financially

Question 53

effects death of friends in older people?

Answer 53

Losing friends is a source of grief and stress and losing social support networks can lead to a sense of isolation and of not being useful.​

It can also bring a sense of one’s own mortality which can lead to depression

Question 54

effects death of partner in older people?

Answer 54

the death of a spouse will bring grief but also a sense of loss which impacts on a person’s sense of safety and security.​

being alone will impact negatively on self-image and self-esteem which may result in not wanting to live on.​

Question 55

effects of leisure time in older people?

Answer 55

retired people may be seen as ‘time rich’ and free from work stress

but, for some people, retirement may result in losses of income, of purpose, of interest in life and contact with work colleagues

Question 56

financial concerns for older people?

Answer 56

Some people 65+ own their own property and have paid off their mortgage and have sufficient oncome to live comfortably in their old age. However, there are many who rent. ​

Paying bills, especially with rising costs for heating and other utilities, can be a source of stress for many older people.

Question 57

Cumming henry theory 1961 and 1963?

Answer 57

Cumming and Henry (1961) proposed that older people naturally withdraw from social involvement as they get older… that older people have restricted opportunities to interact with others.​

Cumming (1963) further argued that older people experience reduced social contact and become increasingly ‘individual’ and less concerned with others’ expectations.​

Question 58

havighurst theory 1960?

Answer 58

Havighurst (1960s) showed that, rather than an inevitable decline in interest in life and isolation, older people tend to adjust to the aging process. His theory is based on the assumption that the social and psychological needs of older people remain the same. ​

Question 59

coleman theory 1994?

Answer 59

Coleman (1994) argued that some types of reminiscence therapy can be useful when helping individuals cope with the effects of aging, but there are wide differences in individual needs. ​