unit one topic B - factors affercting human growth & development Flashcards
what are the genetic factors that affect development?
Each living cell in the human body has a nucleus containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
in each pair of chromosomes, one comes from the father and one from the mother
the chromosome inherited from the father determines the gender
an X from the father would result in an XX combination(female)
a Y from the father would result in an XY combination (male)
each chromosome carries units of inheritance known as genes
genes are made of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA has the biological instructions to create another life
the three main genetic factors which affect development?
predisposition diseases - Inherited genes that determine physical growth, development, health and appearance.
susceptible diseases - an increased likelihood of acquiring a disease because of an individual’s genetic makeup
biological factors - the environment inside a mother’s womb can have a dramatic influence on a child’s development. It can affect a child’s long-term development including their attention span and learning abilities
define predisposition?
a predisposition is the possibility that you will develop a certain condition
define genetic predisposition?
genetic predisposition means that you inherit genes that determine physical growth, development, health and appearance from one or both of your parents
define susceptibility?
an increased likelihood of acquiring a disease because of an individual’s genetic makeup
define biological factors?
the environment inside a mother’s womb can have a dramatic influence on a child’s development
factors impacting foetal development?
if a woman smokes or drinks alcohol during pregnancy, foetal development may be affected
how can smoking reach the foetus?
the nicotine inhaled in smoking contains carbon dioxide which gets into the blood stream restricting the amount of oxygen to the foetus
how does smoking affect the foetus’s health?
children born to mothers who smoke tend to weigh less at birth and are more prone to infections and are twice as likely to die of cot death
what are the future impacts of smoking?
it can affect a child’s long-term development including their attention span and learning abilities. Taking drugs and getting some types of infection can also damage a child’s development in the womb
define congenital and hereditary illnesses?
congenital - caused by an event that happens in the womb e.g foetal alcohol syndrome, a disease caused when alcohol, passes through the placenta from the mothers blood stream
hereditary - caused by a mutation in the gene, it can carried by one parent e.g cystic fibrosis
define a recessive gene and dominant?
a recessive gene must be passed on from both parents for the child to develop the condition
a dominant gene needs only to be passed on by one parent for the child to develop a condition
define down syndrome?
individuals have an extra copy of chromosome 21.
this causes characteristic facial features, growth delay and intellectual disability
not inherited but a result of a one-off genetic ‘mistake’ in sperm and egg
define Klinefelter syndrome?
boys have an extra X chromosome causing problems during, or a delay in, puberty
define colour blindness?
caused by mutations in the X chromosome, so is more common in males. It makes it difficulty to distinguish colours
affects of smoking on child?
weight loss deprivation of oxygen prone to infections likely to die of cot death long-term attention span problems and learning abilities
foetal alcohol syndrome examples?
low nasal bridge minor ear abnormalities thin upper lip flat midface and short nose epicanthal folds
why is rubella dangerous in pregnant women?
Rubella is particularly dangerous during the first month of pregnancy. If a mother becomes infected in this period her baby may be born with impaired hearing or eyesight, or a damaged hear
what can malnutrition do to the foetus during pregnancy?
Malnutrition or a lack of healthy food during pregnancy may result in a lifetime of poor health for the child.
define congenital defects?
Congenital defects are the most common cause of childhood chronic illness, disability and death.
what environmental factors affect foetus’s?
environmental factors such as working or living in polluted areas, exposure to chemicals or pesticides, excessive use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs during pregnancy
conditions that caused by an abnormalities in an individuals chromosomes?
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Colour blindness
what is cystic fibrosis?
a faulty gene that is recessive which means both parents must be carriers for their children to develop cystic fibrosis
causes lungs to be clogged with thick sticky mucus
define brittle bone disease?
can be passed on by parents but can also develop through gene mutations
children born with brittle bone disease are at a high risk of fracturing or breaking a bone
define phenylketonuria?
genetic disorder that prevents a child from breaking down phenylalanine an amino acid - it damages the brain
define Huntington disease?
can develop at any age but normally starts between 35-55
it’s an inherited neurodegenerative genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to certain nerve cells
define cancer?
Cell disease that results in them becoming abnormal and dividing to make even more abnormal cells
they are a number of cancers where genetic links have been shown
define diabetes?
common chronic condition
type one - insulin dependent, normally inherited
type two - lifestyle choices - eating junk food
define high blood pressure?
cholesterol is a fatty substance that is carried around the body by proteins, too much can build up in the artery wall, this can cause heart disease
define pollutant?
a substance that contaminates something such as air or water and may make it unsafe
define respiratory disorder?
conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity
define cardiovascular problems?
any disorder or disease of the heart or blood vessels
define hypothermia?
excessively low body temperature, below 35degrees (normal temp at 37)
what can exposure to pollution cause?
causing particular illnesses such as asthma and other respiratory problems.
what are the affects of living in a poor house condition?
increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular disease - anxiety and depression
what does problems are there if you live in a poor area?
people living in poorer areas not only die sooner, but spend more of their lives with disability - an average total difference of 17 years
how does being homeless or living in a poor house affect your mental health?
poor housing or homelessness can contribute to the development of mental health problems or can make existing mental health problems more difficult to manage
why is there a link between hypothermia from older people and poor households?
older people with low income may worry about the cost of heating causing them to not use it - but be ridiculously cold?
define dysfunctional family?
a family that is not providing all of the support and benefits associated with being in a family
define parenting styles?
a definition of the different strategies/ ways that parents use to bring up their children
what can causes sibling rivalry?
parents or primary carers may deliberately cause sibling conflict by encouraging competition
Rosenthal and Doherty (1984) - believe that they have been bullied by their primary carers
define an authoritative parenting style?
parents are not overly strict; children are brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries
children in these households are often more resilient and conform more easily to the social norms of society
define an authoritarian parenting style?
parents have very high expectations, often overwhelming their children with strict rules and regulations
children in these households are often rebellious and may become problematic both in the family home and in wider social settings
define an permissive parenting style?
permissive – parents make few demands, and may be reluctant to implement rules or values into the lives of their children
children in these households often lack a sense of self-control as they have no set boundaries or respect for personal space – children may later experience problems in managing relationships and adult responsibilities
how can divorce or separation affect a child?
parental divorce can be associated with negative outcomes and children/adolescents can experience emotional problems that may affect their self-esteem and self-confidence, leading to emotional distress, moodiness and depression.
children and adolescents may lack resilience, placing greater reliance on and being influenced by their peers.
this could lead to risky behaviours such as smoking, taking drugs or using alcohol.
ways individuals can be discriminated against?
education
access to employment
access to service
what’s a nervous tissue?
all the nerves which branch off from this system are your peripheral nervous system; they take information from your senses and ‘feed it’ to your brain so that an appropriate behavioural response can be made
what happens when neurons become damaged?
when neurons are damaged they no longer transmit information efficiently; they may not carry signals towards the brain or they may not be able to transmit behavioural messages towards the muscles and glands
this is why older people have slower reaction times; it takes longer for the signal to reach the brain then return to the muscles
what is osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease, a result of wear and tear of the joints and the aging process
Osteoarthritis causes thinning and roughening of the joint cartilage
as the bones rub together moving joints cause pain and swelling
eventually, this leads to bony outgrowths developing at the ends of the bones causing damage to the soft tissue around the joints
what is dementia?
dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily tasks
effects of illness that are common in aging?
pain, stiffness in joints, dizziness, imbalance, loss of sensory awareness etc.
may lead to a reduction in exercise. This leads to an increased risk of heart disease etc.
Many older people suffer with incontinence (caused by decreasing muscle control/enlarged prostate/Alzheimer’s).
This can be embarrassing and emotionally disturbing
effects of confidence and self-esteem in older people?
Older age could however mean a loss in confidence as the physical effects of aging make daily tasks difficult or impossible.
For some older people, their only income maybe their state pension and so they may be struggling financially
effects death of friends in older people?
Losing friends is a source of grief and stress and losing social support networks can lead to a sense of isolation and of not being useful.
It can also bring a sense of one’s own mortality which can lead to depression
effects death of partner in older people?
the death of a spouse will bring grief but also a sense of loss which impacts on a person’s sense of safety and security.
being alone will impact negatively on self-image and self-esteem which may result in not wanting to live on.
effects of leisure time in older people?
retired people may be seen as ‘time rich’ and free from work stress
but, for some people, retirement may result in losses of income, of purpose, of interest in life and contact with work colleagues
financial concerns for older people?
Some people 65+ own their own property and have paid off their mortgage and have sufficient oncome to live comfortably in their old age. However, there are many who rent.
Paying bills, especially with rising costs for heating and other utilities, can be a source of stress for many older people.
Cumming henry theory 1961 and 1963?
Cumming and Henry (1961) proposed that older people naturally withdraw from social involvement as they get older… that older people have restricted opportunities to interact with others.
Cumming (1963) further argued that older people experience reduced social contact and become increasingly ‘individual’ and less concerned with others’ expectations.
havighurst theory 1960?
Havighurst (1960s) showed that, rather than an inevitable decline in interest in life and isolation, older people tend to adjust to the aging process. His theory is based on the assumption that the social and psychological needs of older people remain the same.
coleman theory 1994?
Coleman (1994) argued that some types of reminiscence therapy can be useful when helping individuals cope with the effects of aging, but there are wide differences in individual needs.
