unit one study guide Flashcards
uterus
organ in which the baby develops and is protected until birth
germinal stage
conception marks the beginning of the first stage of prenatal development
embryonic stage
the second stage of prenatal development
embryo
what the baby is called during this stage
umbilical chord
contains three blood vessels that connect the baby to the placenta
placenta
an organ filled with blood vessels, develops against the wall of the uterus
fetal stage
begins nine weeks after conception-lasts from nine weeks until birth
fetus
what the baby is medically known as
during what month are all organs present, although immature, in the fetus?
third month
genetic factors are a person’s inherited traits passed on to him or her through the parents’ ____ at _____
genes
conception
recessive trait/gene
not typically expressed in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited (one from each parent)
dominant trait/gene
always expressed in a person if only one gene of the pair is inherited for that trait
list two environmental factors of prenatal development
parents ages
mother’s physical health
obstetrician
specialize in pregnancy and birth
ultrasound
a test in which sound waves bounce off the fetus to produce an image of the fetus inside the womb
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
a procedure for finding abnormalities in the fetus
amniocentesis
a prenatal test used to check for the presence of over 100 congenital conditions
congenital condition
a physical or biochemical problem in a baby that is present at birth and may be caused by genetic or environmental factors
experts suggest women who maintain a healthy weight goin approximately __ to ___ pounds during pregnancy
25
35
multiple pregnancy
two or more babies develop in the same pregnancy
fraternal twins
multiple babies develop from two or more ova. each ova is fertilized with a different sperm, each child has a different genetic makeup
fraternal twins differ in ____ makeup
genetic
identical twins
the babies develop from a single ovum fertilized by a single sperm
identical twins have the ___ genetic makeup
same
miscarriage
the expulsion of the baby from the mother’s body before week 20 of pregnancy
stillbirth
the loss of the fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy
down syndrome
symptoms: distinct physical features are evident, slanting eyes; misshapen forehead; oversized tongue; single crease across palm of each hand; and varying degrees of intellectual disabilities are typical
causes: chromosome abnormality; more likely to occur when mother is over age 35
treatment: special educational needs; lifespan may be nearly normal
diabetes
symptoms: metabolic disorders cause high blood sugar. the person feels thirsty, hungry, and weak-usually loses weight
causes: a number of factors working together
treatment: no cure; can be controlled by insulin injections, careful diet, and physical activity
muscular dystrophy
symptoms: a group of disorders which damage muscles. they cause progressive weakness and finally death
causes: often sex-linked
treatment: no cure; therapy and braces offer some relief
sickle cell anemia
symptoms: red blood cells are sickle shaped rather than round. they cannot carry oxygen efficiently throughout the entire body. people become pale, tired, and short of breath. they have occasional pains and low resistance to infection. their lifespan is often shorter than normal
causes: recessive gene often seen in people of African-American descent
treatment: no cure; various treatments relieve some symptoms; blood transfusions are needed occasionally
abstinence
refusal to engage in sexual relationships
list examples of consequences and health risks of teen pregnancy
-teens bodies are still growing
-many teen mothers never complete high school
-lack entry level skills for the job market-income is much lower
-teen parents who get married have high risk for divorce
-lack of support
-high risk for postpartum
-higher child mortality rate
certified nurse-midwife
a nurse who has special training in delivering babies during low-risk pregnancies
natural childbirth
drug free
lightening
change in the baby’s position
breech birth position
the baby’s feet, legs, or buttocks emerge first
contraction
the tightening or shortening of the uterus muscle
dilation
opening of the cervix
cesarean section
the mother’s abdomen and uterus are surgically opened and the baby is removed
forceps
a curved instrument that fits around the sides of a baby’s head
episiotomy
an incision made to widen the birth canal and prevent tearing
the placenta is also known as the
afterbirth
pediatrician
a doctor who care for infants, children, and teens until adulthood
what does the APGAR scale measure
the newborn’s chances of survival
A-appearance (skin color)
P-pulse (heart rate)
G-grimace (responsiveness)
A-activity (muscle tone)
R-respiration (breathing)
postpartum care
the care the mother receives during the 6 to 8 weeks following the birth of her baby
