Unit One Study Guide

Question 1

Microevolution

Answer 1

Changes that occur within a species and the characteristics of a population

Question 2

Macroevolution

Answer 2

Changes that occur as a result of cumulative microevolutionary events over long periods of time and result in the origin of new species

Question 3

Explain how mutations contribute to evolution and their importance.

Answer 3

Source of new alleles in a pop.

Question 4

Founder Effect

Answer 4

when individuals from a population relocate and bring only a fraction of the genes available in the gene pool with them

Question 5

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 5

when a population is decreasing, therefore there are only a few genotypes that contribute to the next generation.

Question 6

Genetic Drift

Answer 6

Genetic drift is a change in allele frequency due to chance

Question 7

Sexual Selection

Answer 7

When individuals pair up according to phenotype or genotype

Question 8

Biological Species Concept

Answer 8

If two organisms breed and produce viable fertile offspring, they are the same species.

Question 9

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 9

when a species cannot successfully reproduce or reproduce at all due to a variety of factors including behavioral, geographical, or genetic barriers.

Question 10

prezygotic (before fertilization) barriers to reproduction?

Answer 10

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric)

Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring

Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating

Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating

Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 11

postzygotic barriers to reproduction??

Answer 11

Reduced viability: the hybrid organism does not develop as it should and survival rate is low

Reduced fertility: the hybrid organism is unable to reproduce due to chromosomes not matching and meiosis failing.

Hybrid Breakdown: While the first generation of the hybrid may have been able to produce and live, the second generation is less viable and sterile

Question 12

Allopatric Speciation (“other” “homeland”):

Answer 12

Geographically isolate populations

Caused by geologic events or processes

Evolves by natural selection & genetic drift

Ex. Squirrels on N/S rims of Grand Canyon

Question 13

Sympatric Speciation (“together” “homeland”)

Answer 13

Combine populations within same geographic area

Gene flow between subpopulations blocked by polyploidy, habitat differentiation, sexual selection

Ex. Polyploidy in 80% of plants (oats, cotton, potatoes, wheat)

Question 14

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 14

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric)

Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring

Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating

Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating

Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 15

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 15

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric)

Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring

Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating

Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating

Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 16

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 16

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric)

Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring

Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating

Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating

Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 17

Taxonomy

Question 18

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 18

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric)

Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring

Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating

Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating

Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 19

Systematics

Answer 19

The science of describing, naming and classifying organisms; a way of organizing life.

Question 20

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 20

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric)

Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring

Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating

Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating

Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 21

Systematics

Question 22

Taxonomy

Answer 22

The science of describing, naming and classifying organisms; a way of organizing life.

Question 23

Systematics

Answer 23

The study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Question 24

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 24

1. Bacteria
   2.Archaea
2. Eukaryotes

Question 25

Describe each domain

Answer 25

1. Bacteria - usually circular, has no nuclear envelope, and the cell divides through binary fission 2. Archaea - circular, has no nuclear envelope, and the cell divides through binary fission 3. Eukaryotes - usually linear, have a nuclear envelope, and the cell divides through meiosis/mitosis

Question 26

How are archaea and bacteria different?

Answer 26

Archaea can live in extreme environments

Question 27

Phylogeny

Answer 27

Evolutionary history of species or group of species.

Question 28

Monophyletic group

Answer 28

contains a common ancestor and all of it’s descendants, (clade).

Question 29

Paraphyletic group

Answer 29

contains a common ancestor but not all of its descendants.

Question 30

Polyphyletic group

Answer 30

contains a group of species with different ancestors

Question 31

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 31

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric) Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 32

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 32

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric) Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 33

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 33

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric) Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 34

prezygotic barriers to reproduction?

Answer 34

Habitat Isolation- physical separation prevents members of two species from mating (can be allopatric or sympatric) Temporal Isolation- differences in timing of mating seasons prevents members of different species from mating and producing offspring Behavioral Isolation- differences in behavior, mating rituals, or calls prevents members of different species from mating Mechanical Isolation- differences in reproductive anatomy prevents members of different species from mating Gametic Isolation- differences in gametes prevents mating ( ex. Biochemical differences in signaling between sperm and egg)

Question 35

Cladistics use _____ to separate species into different groups

Answer 35

shared characteristics

Question 36

What 2 parts do all viruses have in common?

Answer 36

All viruses have an outer capsid that is made of protein subunits and an inner core that contains DNA or RNA which is very small..

Question 37

Lytic cycle

Answer 37

The virus takes over immediately; results in the destruction of the infected cell

Question 38

Stages of lytic cycle

Answer 38

1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Replication 4. Maturation 5. Release

Question 39

Lysogenic Cycle

Answer 39

The virus goes dormant and waits for the right conditions to take over the cell.