Unit One: Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Organic Compounds
A molecular compound that is based on carbon; usually contains carbon-carbon and carbon- hydrogen bonds.
Saturated
Containing only single bonds.
Unsaturated
Having one or more double or triple bonds.
Hydrocarbon
A molecular compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
An organic compound that contains carbon atoms bonded in chains and/or non-aromatic rings; alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
A Hydrocarbon that contains one or more rings and has electrons shared in a particularly stable configuration; often drawn with alternating single and double bonds.
Alkane
A Hydrocarbon that contains carbon-carbon single bonds.
Cycloalkane
An alkane in the shape of a ring.
Alkene
A Hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Functional Group
A group of bonded atoms in an organic compound, which reacts in a characteristic way; If only one functional group is present, it determines the reactivity of the compound in which it occurs .
Alkyne
A Hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
-OH (Hydroxyl) Group
The functional group of the alcohol family of organic compounds; a non-basic -OH group.
Aldehyde
An organic compound that has a double-bonded oxygen and a hydrogen atom bonded to the first carbon of a carbon chain.
Carbonyl Group
The functional group of aldehydes and ketones, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
Dispersion Forces
A weak intermolecular attractive force that is present between all molecules, due to temporary dipoles.
Hydrogen Bonding
The strong intermolecular attraction between molecules that contain a hydrogen atom bonded to an atom of a highly electronegative element, especially oxygen.
The Main Type of Organic Reactions
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Electronegativity
A relative measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.
Bond Dipole
A separation of negative and positive charge along the length of a bond.
Hydrolysis Reaction
A reaction in which a molecule is split in two by the addition of a water molecule.
Addition Reaction
An organic reaction in which atoms are added to a multiple carbon-carbon bond.
Alkyl Halide (haloalkane)
An alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms.
Alkyl Group
An alkane branch that is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane.
Parent Alkane
An alkane that contains the same number of carbons and the same basic structure as a more complex organic compound; a concept used primarily for nomenclature.
Alcohol
An organic compound that contains the -OH functional group.
Markovnikov’s Rule
The rule stating that, in an addition reaction of two asymmetrical reactants, the halogen atom or -OH Group is usually added to the more substituted carbon atom (the carbon atom that is bonded to the largest number of other carbon atoms); the hydrogen atom is added to the carbon atom that is bonded to the largest number of hydrogen atoms.
Molecular Polarity
The distribution of charge on a molecule; if a molecule is polar, it has some molecular polarity.
Polar
Having an uneven distribution of charge.
General Formula
A formula that represents a family of simple organic compounds; written as R+ Functional Group, where R represents an alkyl Group.
Intermolecular Forces
Forces that act between molecules or ions to influence the physical properties of compounds.
Substitution Reaction
A reaction in which a hydrogen atom or a functional group is replaced by a different functional group.
Elimination Reaction
A reaction in which atoms are removed from a compound and a multiple bond is formed.
Condensation Reaction
An organic reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule (such as water) as a second product.
Oxidation
Defined as the loss of electrons; inorganic chemistry, a reaction in which an organic compound is oxidized by forming more C-O bonds or fewer C-H bonds.
Reduction
Defined as the gain of electrons; in organic chemistry, a reaction in which an organic compound is reduced by forming more C-H bonds or fewer C-O bonds.
Amines
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Ethers
An organic compound that has the general formula ROR; consists of two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom.
