unit one: global governance of the earth's oceans Flashcards
what percentage cover of earth do oceans make up?
71%
what are the 5 oceans?
pacific, atlantic, indian, artcic, southern
why are oceans important?
- climate change: more acidic, heating and melting
- fishing: 90% of fish are over-exploited
- biodiversity: very big in the ocean
- sea levels: affect humans and rising
- oil pollution: affects animals
during the british empire what were the ocean’s important for?
- establishing trade routes for commodities around the world
- control of strategic trade routes and ports to maintain dominance of regions
what is supranational?
gives up part of its sovereignty
what is the definition of commodity?
anything with economic value e.g. goods or slaves
which countries were britain trading with the main goods/commodities during its empire?
- india = cotton, textiles
- caribbean = coffee, tobacco, sugar
which cities in the uk have an historical linkage with the slave trade?
- liverpool
- glasgow
- bristol
what are some of the economic links that britain still shares with the commonwealth countries?
- trade e.g. to nigeria (2016) $2.5 billion via tourism
- commonwealth games generate income = added £1.2 billion to uk economy
how much did liverpool make from the slave trade in the 18th century?
£300,000 annually
what percentage of global trade moved through mersyside (liverpool)?
40%
what are the political links that britain still shares with commonwealth countries?
immigration - rwanda policy 2022, sending immigrants rwanda but they did get compensated
what is containerisation?
the process of putting comodities and other resources into containers for shipment
what is the commonwealth?
an intergovernmental organisation of 52-member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire
what are the social/cultural links that britain still shares with the commonwealth countries?
- commonwealth games
- head of state (monarchy)
- migration patterns = formation of diasporas
why do oceans need to be governed?
- overfishing issue
- pollution
- illegal immigration
- piracy
what are the 6 institutions for global governance?
- united nations
- european union
- g7
- g20
- nato
when was the united nations founded and what do they do?
- founded 1945
- 193 member state
- support and maintain world peace and security and foster co operation between nations
when was the european union founded and what do they do?
- founded 1993
- 27 member countries
- promote greater social, political and economic harmony among nations of europe
when was the g7 founded and how many countries were there?
- founded 1975
- 7 countries i.e. uk, usa, canada, france
when was the g20 founded, how many countries were part of it and what did they do?
- founded 1991
- 19 countries and the eu
- discuss ways to strengthen the global economy
when was nato founded and what do they do?
- founded 1949
- 31 members
- guarantees freedom and security of its members through political and military mean
what does unclos stand for?
united nations convention on the laws of the sea
what is a global common?
everyone and anyone has access to it e.g the high seas, antarctica
what were the 7 key areas covered in the international treaty released by unclos?
- national rights (right of passage)
- territorial sea limits (what they have security over)
- economic jurisdiction (resources)
- legal status of resources on the seabed and beyond national jurisdiction
what is an exclusive economic zone (eez)?
coastal states have the exploitation rights to all the natural resources, foreign nations have the rights to water and airspace, subject to agreements, and can lay submarine pipes and cables
what does cites stand for?
convention on international trade in endangered species
when did cites come into force and how any countries signed?
1975 with 183 countries signed
in cites, how many species are protected (plant and animal) and how many subgroups are there?
- animal = 5800
- plant = 30,000
- 3 subgroups
what is appendix 1 of cites and what are some examples?
a species threatened with extinction e.g. antarctic minke whale
what is appendix 2 of cites and what are some examples?
a species which requires trade to be controlled in order to avoid over-utilisation, which would threaten species e.g. seahorses
what is appendix 3 of cites and what are some examples?
species which are protected in at least one country e.g. brown sea cucumber in ecuador
