unit one: global governance of the earth's oceans

Question 1

what percentage cover of earth do oceans make up?

Answer 1

71%

Question 2

what are the 5 oceans?

Answer 2

pacific, atlantic, indian, artcic, southern

Question 3

why are oceans important?

Answer 3

• climate change: more acidic, heating and melting
• fishing: 90% of fish are over-exploited
• biodiversity: very big in the ocean
• sea levels: affect humans and rising
• oil pollution: affects animals

Question 4

during the british empire what were the ocean’s important for?

Answer 4

• establishing trade routes for commodities around the world
• control of strategic trade routes and ports to maintain dominance of regions

Question 5

what is supranational?

Answer 5

gives up part of its sovereignty

Question 6

what is the definition of commodity?

Answer 6

anything with economic value e.g. goods or slaves

Question 7

which countries were britain trading with the main goods/commodities during its empire?

Answer 7

• india = cotton, textiles
• caribbean = coffee, tobacco, sugar

Question 8

which cities in the uk have an historical linkage with the slave trade?

Answer 8

• liverpool
• glasgow
• bristol

Question 9

what are some of the economic links that britain still shares with the commonwealth countries?

Answer 9

• trade e.g. to nigeria (2016) $2.5 billion via tourism
• commonwealth games generate income = added £1.2 billion to uk economy

Question 10

how much did liverpool make from the slave trade in the 18th century?

Answer 10

£300,000 annually

Question 11

what percentage of global trade moved through mersyside (liverpool)?

Answer 11

40%

Question 12

what are the political links that britain still shares with commonwealth countries?

Answer 12

immigration - rwanda policy 2022, sending immigrants rwanda but they did get compensated

Question 13

what is containerisation?

Answer 13

the process of putting comodities and other resources into containers for shipment

Question 14

what is the commonwealth?

Answer 14

an intergovernmental organisation of 52-member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire

Question 15

what are the social/cultural links that britain still shares with the commonwealth countries?

Answer 15

• commonwealth games
• head of state (monarchy)
• migration patterns = formation of diasporas

Question 16

why do oceans need to be governed?

Answer 16

• overfishing issue
• pollution
• illegal immigration
• piracy

Question 17

what are the 6 institutions for global governance?

Answer 17

• united nations
• european union
• g7
• g20
• nato

Question 18

when was the united nations founded and what do they do?

Answer 18

• founded 1945
• 193 member state
• support and maintain world peace and security and foster co operation between nations

Question 19

when was the european union founded and what do they do?

Answer 19

• founded 1993
• 27 member countries
• promote greater social, political and economic harmony among nations of europe

Question 20

when was the g7 founded and how many countries were there?

Answer 20

• founded 1975
• 7 countries i.e. uk, usa, canada, france

Question 21

when was the g20 founded, how many countries were part of it and what did they do?

Answer 21

• founded 1991
• 19 countries and the eu
• discuss ways to strengthen the global economy

Question 22

when was nato founded and what do they do?

Answer 22

• founded 1949
• 31 members
• guarantees freedom and security of its members through political and military mean

Question 23

what does unclos stand for?

Answer 23

united nations convention on the laws of the sea

Question 24

what is a global common?

Answer 24

everyone and anyone has access to it e.g the high seas, antarctica

Question 25

what were the 7 key areas covered in the international treaty released by unclos?

Answer 25

• national rights (right of passage)
• territorial sea limits (what they have security over)
• economic jurisdiction (resources)
• legal status of resources on the seabed and beyond national jurisdiction

Question 26

what is an exclusive economic zone (eez)?

Answer 26

coastal states have the exploitation rights to all the natural resources, foreign nations have the rights to water and airspace, subject to agreements, and can lay submarine pipes and cables

Question 27

what does cites stand for?

Answer 27

convention on international trade in endangered species

Question 28

when did cites come into force and how any countries signed?

Answer 28

1975 with 183 countries signed

Question 29

in cites, how many species are protected (plant and animal) and how many subgroups are there?

Answer 29

• animal = 5800
• plant = 30,000
• 3 subgroups

Question 30

what is appendix 1 of cites and what are some examples?

Answer 30

a species threatened with extinction e.g. antarctic minke whale

Question 31

what is appendix 2 of cites and what are some examples?

Answer 31

a species which requires trade to be controlled in order to avoid over-utilisation, which would threaten species e.g. seahorses

Question 32

what is appendix 3 of cites and what are some examples?

Answer 32

species which are protected in at least one country e.g. brown sea cucumber in ecuador