unit one- energy flow and cellular motion

Question 1

free energy

Answer 1

energy that does work (useful); clumped state of energy- [hot]

Question 2

heat

Answer 2

uncoordinated (random) movement of molecules that increases entropy (useless). Spreads out states of energy- [cold]

Question 3

entropy

Answer 3

a measurement of the degree of randomness (the lower the entropy the more organize it is)

Question 4

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

with every transformation, energy is lost to the environment as heat which increases the entropy of the universe.

Question 5

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 5

the quantity of the energy stays constant but not the quality.

Question 6

why does order tend to disorder?

Answer 6

the natural system tends to proceed towards a state of greater disorder.

Question 7

metabolism

Answer 7

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell; monitored by body temperature.

Question 8

endothermy

Answer 8

the use of thermal energy within the body to maintain homeostatic body temperature.

Question 9

ectothermy

Answer 9

the use of external thermal energy to maintain body temperature.

Question 10

catabolism

Answer 10

chemical reactions in which molecules are broken down into smaller compounds.

Question 11

anabolism

Answer 11

chemical reactions where simple molecules are combined together to form more complex compounds.

Question 12

minerals

Answer 12

inorganic; pure elements containing/are metals ( Ca, Na, Fe, K)

Question 13

vitamins

Answer 13

organic; functions as coenzymes (aka helper minerals) and have carbon.

Question 14

carbohydrates

Answer 14

ends in OSE; sugars (CHO)

Question 15

roles of carbohydrates

Answer 15

gives energy and cell wall (cellulose)- gives structure.

Question 16

monosaccharides

Answer 16

single sugar (ex glucose)

Question 17

disaccharides

Answer 17

double sugars (ex sucrose/table sugar)

Question 18

polysaccharides

Answer 18

many sugars [ex cellulose (p), starch (p), glycogen (a)]

Question 19

lipids

Answer 19

ends in OL; fats (CHOP)

Question 20

role of the lipid

Answer 20

provides impact protection, source of insolation and acts as the 2nd source of energy.

Question 21

triglycerides

Answer 21

union of glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 22

fats

Answer 22

solid; animal lipids composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids; acts like sponge

Question 23

oils

Answer 23

liquid; plants and animals lipids composed of glycerol and unsaturated fats

Question 24

head

Answer 24

phosphate

Question 25

tail

Answer 25

lipid

Question 26

hydrophilic

Answer 26

the head; means water loving

Question 27

hydrophobic

Answer 27

the tail; means fear of water

Question 28

phospholipids

Answer 28

a phosphate molecule that is attached to the glycerol molecule making the molecule polar; a major component of the cell membrane in plants and animals

Question 29

proteins

Answer 29

structural components of cells; ends in IN

( CHONS)

Question 30

roles off proteins

Answer 30

determines the shapes of cells and acts as tools

Question 31

six functions of proteins

Answer 31

1. enzymes
2. hormones
3. antibodies
4. structural proteins
5. transport
6. carrier
7. 3rd energy source

Question 32

what are proteins?

Answer 32

very large macromolecules made of amino acids

Question 33

what is the structure of amino acids?

Answer 33

• have a central carbon
• have an amino group (
• have a carboxyl group (acids)
• have an R group (side chain)

Question 34

what are proteins often called?

Answer 34

polypeptides; they are joined by 20 amino acids by peptide bonds

Question 35

four levels of protein structure

Answer 35

• primary structure: polypeptide chain
• secondary chain: coil made of weak hydrogen bonds
• tertiary structure: unique 3-dimensional structure that allows for proteins to be very specific
• quaternary structure: when proteins are made of more than one polypeptide chain

Question 36

denaturation

Answer 36

when the protein can’t carry out its proper role; temporary

Question 37

coagulation

Answer 37

when the agent is removed so the protein changes its shape; permanent

Question 38

nucleic acids

Answer 38

hereditary materials found within the genes of chromosomes in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts (DNA)

Question 39

nucleotides

Answer 39

the functional units of nucleic acids, basic building block (monomer)

Question 40

monomers

Answer 40

molecule that is able to bond in long chains; micro

Question 41

polymers

Answer 41

known as macromolecules and are derived from the way their monomers are assembled

Question 42

dehydration synthesis

Answer 42

combination of simple molecules to form larger, macro-molecules which yields a water molecule

Question 43

hydrolysis

Answer 43

breaking down of a molecule to form simpler, micro-molecule through the addition of water