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chem > unit one definitions > Flashcards

unit one definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

chemistry

A

field of science that examines the properties and behavior of matter, as well as the change of matter

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2
Q

what is the scientific method

A

the path that leads from experiments, hypotheses, and observations into theories or laws

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3
Q

what is the pathway of the scientific method?

A

questions/observations -> hypothesis -> experimental tests -> repeatable results that either support or refute the hypothesis

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4
Q

observation

A

something you notice in nature or an experiment

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5
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative explanation or prediction based on observations. MUST be falsifiable to be considered scientific

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6
Q

experiment

A

carried out to test a hypothesis

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7
Q

Theory (model)

A

a set of assumptions put forth to EXPLAIN some aspect of observed behavior.

why/how

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8
Q

law

A

concise statement or summary of generally observed behavior that is always the same under the same conditions.

describing WHAT will occur

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9
Q

law vs theory

A

a law is a summary of what happens.

a theory is an attempt to explain WHY it happens

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10
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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11
Q

solid

A

rigid, fixed volume and shape, slightly compressible.

solid particles have some energy which causes them to vibrate back-and-forth however, they rarely move past neighboring particles

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12
Q

liquid

A

definite volume, no definite shape (assumes shape of container), slightly compressible.

particles are arranged randomly and can FLOW past each other

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13
Q

gas

A

no fix volume or shape (assumes volume and shape of container), highly compressible

particles fly around, colliding with one another and the walls of the container

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14
Q

gas

A

no fix volume or shape (assumes volume and shape of container), highly compressible

particles fly around, colliding with one another and the walls of the container

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15
Q

Qualitative examples

A

color, smell, appearance, etc.

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16
Q

quantitative examples

A

volume, speed, time, mass

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17
Q

pure substance

A

a substance with a constant composition (ex. water, sugar, etc)

can further be broken down into compounds and elements

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18
Q

compound

A

two or more DIFFERENT atoms joined together by chemical bonds in fixed ratios

(ex H2O, CaCO3, LiCl, etc)

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19
Q

Elements

A

substance that cannot be further broken down into anything simpler, composed of a single type of atom

(ex. He, Ni, Mg, etc.)

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20
Q

what are the diatonics

A

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2,

(should also know P4 and S8)

21
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms (can be the same or different) held together by chemical bonds

22
Q

molecules vs compounds

A

molecule: two or more of the same type of element

compound: two or more different types of elements

23
Q

Mixture

A

consists of two or more pure substances that have variable composition and can be separated by physical techniques
(ex. wood, gasoline, soil, etc.)

there are two types of mixtures

24
Q

homogeneous mixture

(aka solutions)

A

having visibly indistinguishable parts.

two or more substances in the same phase, evenly distributed, constant composition
(ex. Saltwater)

25
Q

Heterogeneous mixture

A

having visibly distinguishable parts. components are unevenly distributed and there is not a constant composition throughout
(ex. sweet tea and ice)

26
Q

know the difference between pure substances and homogeneous mixtures

A
27
Q

Distillation

A

A method of separation that depends on the boiling points of a liquid mixture to separate them

this is a good option when the components of the mixture have different boiling points

28
Q

Filtration

A

simple method of separating a solid and liquid. The mixture is passed through a mesh, allowing the liquid to pass, leaving behind the solid.

29
Q

chromatography

A

method to separate a liquid or gaseous phase.

30
Q

Law of conservation of mass

A

mass is neither created nor destroyed

31
Q

Law of conservation of mass

A

mass is neither created nor destroyed

32
Q

law of definite proportion (or constant composition)

A

A given compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass

33
Q

extensive property

A

A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample

(ex. mass, volume, length)

34
Q

Intensive property

A

A property that is independent on the amount of matter in a sample

(ex. Color, density, boiling point, melting point, molar mass)

35
Q

Density

A

The mass of a substance per unit of
volume

d = mass/volume

36
Q

Physical change

A

change in the form of a substance (state or size/shape), but not an actual chemical composition

37
Q

Physical change examples

A

ice, melting, water boiling off, cutting a sheet of paper

38
Q

Chemical change

A

Changing the chemical composition of a substance

39
Q

Chemical change examples

A

Iron rusting, woodburning, baking, a cake, removing carbon from carbon dioxide, lighting a match

40
Q

Kinetic molecular theory of matter

A

as matter gains energy, it’s temperature increases. As temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the particles also increases. As the kinetic energy increases matter, transforms from solid, two liquid, to gas.

41
Q

which state of matter has the most kinetic energy? Which has the least?

A

The gas phase has the most kinetic energy and solid has the least

42
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work or transfer heat

43
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy because of motion, dependent on the mass and velocity of an object

44
Q

Thermal energy

A

The form of kinetic energy associated with heat in matter

45
Q

potential energy

A

Energy due to position in space or composition. The energy stored in chemical bonds is a type of potential energy.

46
Q

accuracy vs precision

A

accuracy: the true value

precision: involves several measurements and how similar they are. Looks at reproducibility

47
Q

accuracy vs precision

A

accuracy: the true value

precision: involves several measurements and how similar they are. Looks at reproducibility

48
Q

what is an isotopes

A

Isotopes are versions of a particular element that have different numbers of neutrons

49
Q

ions

A

Ions are atoms (or molecules) that have lost or gained electrons and have an electrical charge.

chem (5 decks)

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