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Bio > Unit One~ Biochemistry > Flashcards

Unit One~ Biochemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the mass of a proton and neutron?

A

About 1.66*10^-24g

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2
Q

Equation for mass number

A

Number of protons plus number of neutrons

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3
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

When atoms transfer electrons. This happens between a metal and a non-metal. They conduct electricity when dissolved in water, are solid at room temperature, and have a high melting and boiling point.

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4
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

They are bonds where molecules share electrons to achieve a stable octet or duet. This occurs between non-metals. They can be a solid, liquid, or a gas at room temperature. They do not conduct electricity, have a low solubility in water, and have low melting points.

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5
Q

What is a polar, non-polar, and ionic bond?

A

A bond is polar if it is greater than 0.4.
A bond is non-polar if it is less than or equal to 0.4.
A bond is ionic if it is greater than 1.7.

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6
Q

What is required for a bond to be polar?

A

One polar bond and it not symmetrical.

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7
Q

What are the properties of a polar bond?

A

They are soluble in water and do not dissolve non-polar compounds.

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8
Q

What is the polarity of water?

A

Polar.

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9
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

An attraction between a very electronegative atom (N,O, or F) and a hydrogen that is bonded to a N, O, or F. A hydrogen bond can occur for each lone pair on a N,O, or F. Water has hydrogen bonding and is responsible for many of its special properties like a relatively high melting point and high surface tension.

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10
Q

What are dipole-dipole forces?

A

These occur between polar molecules. A slightly negative particle is momentarily attracted to a slightly positive particle on another molecules.

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11
Q

What are London Dispersions forces?

A

These occur between all molecules. When electrons of a compound randomly and temporarily shift to one side, a temporary dipole is created. This temporary dipole induces nearby non-polar molecules to also have a temporary dipole. These dipoles will form a temporary attraction to each other.

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12
Q

What are properties of water?

A

Water is considered the universal solvent. It is small and polar. It hydrogen bonds with itself creating high surface tension, this makes water hard to break apart. It expands when it solidifies because its hydrogen bond network gets stronger and it expands to maximize the hydrogen bonding.

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13
Q

What are cohesion forces in water?

A

When molecules stick together because of strong intermolecular forces. This allows water to climb up a plant against the force of gravity.

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14
Q

What is a hydroxyl group?

A

OH, this is found in proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and fatty acids.

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15
Q

What is an amino group?

A

NH2, this is found in proteins and nucleic acids.

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16
Q

What is a carboxylic group?

A

COOH, this is found in proteins (R-groups) and fatty acids.

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17
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

CO, this is found in proteins and lipids. Might also be called an ester group.

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18
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

P=O3, this is found in nucleic acids and phospholipids.

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19
Q

What is a sulfhydryl group?

A

SH, this is found in proteins.

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20
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A large molecule made of repeating subunits. The four major macromolecules in the body are proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids.

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21
Q

What is a protein?

A

Made up of amino acids and contain peptide bonds (NH-C).

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22
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

There are 20 amino acids in the human body. Of those 8 are essential because or bodies cannot produce them and the other 12 our body can make. An amino acid is composed of 3 parts:
- Carboxyl (COOH)
- Amine Group (NH2)
- An R group (Decides which of the 20 amino acids it is)
These three groups are all attached to carbon.

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23
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

This is when multiple amino acids form a chain. They form by bonding the carboxyl of one amino acid with the amine group of another. This forms a peptide bond and water.

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24
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When water is released.

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25
Q

What are the functions of proteins in the body?

A

Enzymatic- are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
Structural- fibrous proteins that form the protective outer layer of vertebrates.
Membrane- proteins in the membrane aid in transport through the membrane and cell to cell communications.
Hormones- proteins help make or are hormones which affect the expression of genes.
Immunity- proteins form antibodies which help your body destroy invaders.

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26
Q

What is a primary structure of a protein?

A

Amino acids join through peptide bonds to form a long chain of amino acids (10-100) called a polypeptide.

27
Q

What is a secondary structure protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between amino acids in the main chain, causing the polypeptide to start folding. Non-polar amino acids also have Van set Waals forces.

28
Q

What is an alpha helices?

A

A spiral formation where there are about 3.6 amino acid residues per turn. On average an alpha helix is 10-20 amino acids but can be as much as 600.

29
Q

What is a beta pleated sheet?

A

They are sheets that usually run anti parallel but may run parallel.

30
Q

What is a tertiary structure?

A

This is a salt bridge (ionic interactions) form between ions in the R group of charged amino acids such as glutamic acid and lysine.

31
Q

What is a disulfide bridge?

A

These are bonds between sulfurs of the R groups of cysteine.

32
Q

What is a quaternary structure?

A

Several polypeptides come together to from a large protein. For proteins that only have one polypeptide (monomeric proteins), quaternary structure does not occur. Proteins that are composed of two or more polypeptides are called oligomeric proteins.

33
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

They are soluble in water whereas fibrous proteins are not.

34
Q

What is the best source of protein?

A

Animal meat has all the essential amino acids. For plants you must eat several different plants to get all the amino acids.

35
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are:
Monosaccharides- one unit.
Disaccharides- two units.
Oligosaccharides- 3-10 units.
Polysaccharides- 11+ units.
These units are sugars.

36
Q

What is the polymer of glucose in animals?

A

Glycogen. In times of energy need glycogen releases glucose which can be broken down to provide energy.

37
Q

What is the energy storage in plants.

A

Starch is the polymer of glucose that stores energy. Plants also have cellulose a polymer or glucose that makes up the cell wall.

38
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

A

C6H11O6. Most carbohydrates have a 1:2:1 ration.

39
Q

What are the structure of carbohydrates?

A

The OH groups are called hydroxyl groups. The C to the right of the line O is given the position 1. Carbons are numbered in a clockwise fashion after that.

40
Q

What is an alpha glucose?

A

The hydrogen is above the OH group on the C1.

41
Q

What is a beta glucose.

A

The OH group is above the hydrogen on C1.

42
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

When two sugars combine in a condensation reaction. A water molecule is released and the O links the C1 of the first sugar with the C4 of the second sugar.

43
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

They are made up of nucleotides. DNA and RNA are the genetic material of organisms; they encode proteins. Nucleotides contain a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base.

44
Q

What we the four nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

45
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases in RNA?

A

Uracil, adenine, guanine, and cytosine.

46
Q

What do nucleic acids contain?

A

They have a backbone that alternates between phosphate and sugar molecules connected by phosphodiester bonds. The third carbon on the ribose (count carbons clockwise from the oxygen) bonds to the other on the phosphate of the next nucleotide. Branching off the sugar-phosphate backbone are the nitrogen bases.

47
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is double stranded and is the helical formation. It contains the sugar deoxyribose (an oxygen is removed from the specimen carbon). The nitrogen bases of different strands form hydrogen bonds with each other to make the double strand helix.

48
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA or ribonucleic acid is single stranded and contains a ribose sugar with oxygen on the second carbon.

49
Q

What are lipids?

A

Large molecules that contain many hydrogen bonds. They don’t have monomers so technically are not considered polymers. Some store energy for the long term and provide insulation. Some hormones like sec hormones are derived from lipids. Cholesterol is a key component in the cell membrane and is also lipid derived.

50
Q

What is the backbone of most lipids?

A

Most contain a glycerol backbone and fatty acid tails.

51
Q

What does a glycerol backbone look like?

A

Carob with two hydrogen and a hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl of glycerol connect with the carboxyl of the fatty acid to join and also form water.

52
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

When there is the maximum number of hydrogen, no double bonds. They have higher melting and boiling points since they pack better and this have more London Dispersion Forces.

53
Q

When are fatty acids unsaturated?

A

When there is a double bond creating a bend. Unsaturated fatty acids are generally healthier, except trans fats which cause issues.

54
Q

Why is omega three important?

A

It is an essential fatty acid. It can reduce the risk of heart disease. In can be found in salon and Tina. It can also be found in leafy vegetables and nuts.

55
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Instead of a fatty acid it has a phosphate group. In combination with other fatty acids.

56
Q

What part of a fatty acid is hydrophilic?

A

The head.

57
Q

What part of a fatty acid is hydrophobic?

A

The tails.

58
Q

What is a neutralization reaction?

A

When an acid and a base react. Sometimes water is produced and the other product is a salt. A compound loses a H1+, acid, and the compound gaining is a base.

59
Q

What is a REDOX reaction?

A

You know this ;)

60
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

When water is a reactant and breaks down another molecule.

61
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When two organic molecules react to form a larger organic molecule and water is released.

62
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

When smaller molecules join to make a larger molecule. Usually require energy.

63
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Occurs when a large molecule breaks apart into smaller molecules. These reactions usually release energy.

64
Q

What is an isomerization reaction?

A

When a molecules atoms rearrange the product has the same chemical formula and a the recant.

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