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Challenge & Change > Unit One > Flashcards

Unit One Flashcards

1
Q

What is an iceberg identity

A

A way to categorize the elements that define you and create your identity. Visibility versus invisibility.

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2
Q

Define ‘explore’

A

Travel in or through (an unfamiliar country or area) in order to learn about or familiarize oneself with it.

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3
Q

Define ‘power’

A

The capacity or ability to direct or influence the behaviour of others or the course of events.

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4
Q

Privilege

A

A special right, immunity, unearned advantage or entitlement, used to one’s own benefit or to the detriment of others.

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5
Q

Name the 3 types of equality & define them

A

Equality of Rights: Everyone will benefit from the same support

Equality of Opportunity: People are given different supports

True Equity: No supports or accommodations are needed; systematic barrier is removed

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6
Q

What is a socially dominant group?

A

A group that has access to privilege and power within society. They are given social, economic and political power.

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7
Q

Anthropology

A

Scientific study of human origins and human culture over time.

Focuses on: cultural groups/species throughout time and how culture has shaped lives

Fieldwork = ethnography

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8
Q

Define ‘Culture’

A

Refers to the sum of attitudes, customs & beliefs that distinguishes one group of people from another. It is transmitted through language, material objects, ritual institutions & art, from one generation to the next.

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9
Q

Cultural Anthropology (Ethnography)

A

Components shared patterns of learned behaviours in a a particular society and with those in another. Examines contemporary customs, rituals and cultures.

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10
Q

Participant Observation

A

The act of immersing oneself in a culture in order to gain an inside experience and understand it more thoroughly.

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11
Q

Emic

A

Within the social group; subjective. Holds an emphasis on differences between cultures & patterns that are unique.

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12
Q

Etic

A

From outside the social group; objective. Holds an emphasis on similarities between cultures.

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13
Q

What is an invention?

A

Internal change; a new product, idea or social pattern, may be purposeful or accidental

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14
Q

What is acculturation?

A

External change; the process of contact, exposure & exchange of ideas between different cultures resulting in adaption to one or both groups.

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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

External change; the spread of a cultural trait from one society to another through contact (trade, war, etc0.

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16
Q

Cultural Materialism

A

The physical materials, conditions and economic activity within an environment determine how the ideas and ideology of a culture develop. Cultural changes occur within a framework of 3 levels: infrastructure, structure, and superstructure.

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17
Q

Superstructure

A

The ideology of a culture, its beliefs and values, such as religion.

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18
Q

Structure

A

How the culture is organized, such as political systems, laws and families

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19
Q

Infrastructure

A

The technological, economic and demographic factors of a culture. Infrastructure is how people attend to their basic needs of survival and reproduction. Influences the other two levels.

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20
Q

Harris

A

Cultural Materialism; believed that problems within society are the result of trying to meet the needs of the majority of its members. Society relies on social structure & requires institutions to provide stability

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21
Q

Determinism

A

Physical materials, conditions & economic activity dictate how ideas/ideology of a culture develop

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22
Q

Functionalism

A

The function of beliefs and institutions in a society is to meet the physical and psychological needs of the majority of its members. Problems in society are the result of trying to meet these needs. Changes occur by shared values and norms.

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23
Q

Norms

A

Expectations of appropriate conduct that serve as the basis of all social interaction.

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24
Q

Institutions (Anthropology)

A

Established laws, practices, customs, religion, the economy, schools, etc

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25
Q

Malinowksi

A

Functionalism; suggested that individuals have needs & that social institutions develop to meet these needs.

Four basic instrumental needs = economics, social control, education and political organization

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26
Q

Structuralism

A

Finds meaning in the relationship between things, rather than in isolation

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27
Q

Levi-Strauss

A

A is to B as C is to D. Goal was to simplify the masses of empirical date into generalized comprehensible relations between units.

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28
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of the individual minds/psyche and the transformation of a person’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviours

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29
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

A tool to help individuals change their behaviour and gain a better understanding of themselves

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30
Q

Freud

A

Psychoanalytic theory; believed that childhood experiences have a large influence on how we act.

ID = primitive desires
EGO = internalized norms 'realistic side'
SUPEREGO = influenced by morals, rules of society, mediator, etc
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31
Q

Maslow

A

Psychoanalytic theory; hierarchy of needs. Must fulfill one level before the other can be focused on.

32
Q

Learning Theory

A

Learning can alter the way an individual interprets the world around them and can lead to permanent behavioural changes. Most human behaviour is learned; especially in childhood and youth.

33
Q

Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning –> Pavlov’s dog. Pairing a unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response to a neutral stimulus.

34
Q

Behaviourism

A

Emphasis is placed on the early childhood years. Correct child-rearing methods = well-adjusted adults.

35
Q

Skinner

A

Operant conditions –> The rat. Pairing good results with the wanted behaviour, and negative ones with the undesired behaviour.

36
Q

Watson

A

Scientific method of parenting

37
Q

Spock

A

Permissive parenting

38
Q

Sociology

A

The scientific study of social groups and social behaviour

39
Q

Status

A

The term for roles; position within an institution

40
Q

Institution (sociology)

A

Organizations, establishments (places of worship, schools, prisons, etc)

41
Q

Hierarchy

A

Ranking system based on authority or power. Each position requires a certain type of expertise which is valued by society.

42
Q

Values

A

A particular set of values are assigned to specific roles. Practitioners of the roles are expected to accept and internalize these values.

43
Q

Rules

A

Developed by a culture based on their system of values

44
Q

Deviance

A

Any behaviour that is different from the social norm.

45
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Trying to re-educate and re-socialize so that they grow to accept societies values & norms.

46
Q

Retribution

A

Society punishing the guilty more forcefully

47
Q

Durkheim

A

Structural functionalism; emphasizes that society’s role is to provide stability to its members. Create stability not change.

48
Q

Marx

A

Marxism; proposed that economic power, which leads to political power, is the key to understanding societies. Struggle for power means that society is not static but ever changing.

49
Q

Neo-Marxist

A

To understand society one must understand the economic system which creates the separation between the rich & poor.

50
Q

Feminism

A

Focuses on sex & gender issues; believes that women have been disadvantaged historically because men have discriminated against them.

51
Q

Jean Baker Miller

A

Sought to bring a feminist analysis to previous theories.

52
Q

Inclusionism

A

Ethnic diversity must be recognized within societies by studying the experiences of all ethnic groups and rejecting the urge to judge through the eye of the majority (ethnocentrism)

53
Q

Macro Sociology

A

Analyzes social systems on a large scale; long-term positive and negative effects on society as a whole

54
Q

Social Paradigm Shift

A

When a new set of ideals, beliefs and values become strong enough to affect and change the way individuals see and perceive reality

55
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories. Selective collection of evidence that supports what one already believes while ignoring or rejecting evident that supports what one already believes.

56
Q

Microsociology

A

Looks at changed in an individuals life to explain larger social group values, expectations and beliefs

57
Q

Cognitive Consistency

A

Tendency to seek out stimuli that are consistent with their belief and attitudes and to limit exposure to those that are inconsistent

58
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs and attitudes

59
Q

Tension & Adaptation

A

When one part of the social system changes, tension arises between that part & the rest

60
Q

Accumulation

A

The growth of human knowledge allows society to develop

61
Q

Diffusion of innovations

A

When any new development emerges they spread because of who adopts it and who speaks in favour of it.

62
Q

Physical environment

A

When one factor changes there is a ripple effect

63
Q

Population Changes

A

Immigration/emigration; natural increase (births - deaths)

64
Q

Proximity

A

Between social groups (speed of transfer); Intercultural Contact

65
Q

Collectivist attitude

A

Behaviour guided by conformity, uniformity, cooperation (group is more important than the individual freedoms or privileges)

66
Q

Individualist

A

Guided by personal rights and freedoms. Distinction between personal and communal goals.

67
Q

Social change

A

Transformation in the belief, social interactions, practices, organization and structures in society.

68
Q

Ally

A

Any person who supports, empowers, or stands up for another person or a group of people

69
Q

Stereotype

A

A false or generalized conception that results in conscious categorization of an individual or the members of a group

70
Q

Genocide

A

The deliberate systematic extermination of an entire group of people

71
Q

Violence

A

The exercise of physical force or intimidation by the exhibition of such force

72
Q

Discrimination

A

Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group

73
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative attitude towards a certain group that is applied to all its members

74
Q

Bias

A

An inclination or preference formed without reasonable justification that can prevent judgment from being balanced or even-handed

75
Q

Tolerance

A

Capacity to endure continued exposure to something or someone

76
Q

Acceptance

A

Recognizing a process or condition without attempting to change it or protest it

77
Q

Celebration

A

Taking pleasure by engaging and encouraging in enjoyable, typically social, activity with others.

Challenge & Change (1 decks)

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