Unit One

Question 1

A behavior may be selected as a target for change because:

X= It seems unusual to the people around the individual.

Y= A deficit makes the person too dependent on others.

Z= It helps the individual achieve outcomes.

Answer 1

Y and Z only

Question 2

When a person cannot do a skill, we refer to this as a X. When a person will not do a skill they are able to do, we refer to this as a Y.

X= performance problem; Y= compliance problem
X= skill deficit; Y= performance problem
X= performance problem; Y= skill deficit
X= skill deficit; Y= problem with fluency

Answer 2

X= skill deficit; Y= performance problem

Question 3

Which statement would belong as part of a definition of adaptive behavior? Adaptive behavior is:

Those skills or abilities that enable an individual to meet standards of personal independence and responsibility that are expected of his/her age group.

The full range of possible performances of a skill by anyone within a cultural or social group, either with or without a disability.

All of these characteristics define an adaptive behavior

Static, and does not change based on variables such as a person’s age or cultural expectations.

Answer 3

Those skills or abilities that enable an individual to meet standards of personal independence and responsibility that are expected of his/her age group.

Question 4

Acquisition targets can be identified when the person “cannot do” a socially significant and functionally useful skill even:

X= Under the most powerful contingencies.

Y= When given the most specific and clear instructions.

X and Y
Neither X nor Y
Y only
X only

Answer 4

X and Y

Question 5

Typically, mastered tasks can be correctly performed during at least \_\_\_\_ of trials.
  100% 
  65% 
  50% 
  80%

Answer 5

80%

Question 6

Which of the following is a behavior based skill assessment tool discussed in this unit?
  SIT scale 
  The Maladaptive Behavior Rating Scale 
  Essential For Living 
  The MMPI

Answer 6

Essential For Living

Question 7

Jenny is a 4-year old with significant language delays. She is also delayed in some significant social and pre-academic skills. Which assessment/curriculum packages would most likely meet her immediate needs?
Essential For Living
VB-MAPP
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Rating Scale
MOVE functional motor movements

Answer 7

VB-MAPP

Question 8

The following could be conditioned as reinforcers, except:
All these are good conditioned reinforcers
Praise
Yourself (as a teacher)
Compliance

Answer 8

Compliance

Question 9

Jerry usually sits on his own and flaps his hand in front of his face. When prompted to do a task, he often slaps his head until the person asking him to do the task goes away. Jose sits across the dining room table with Jerry's favorite beverage, a cup of coffee. When Jerry stops flapping his hands for a moment and makes eye contact, Jose says, "Great looking at me, Jerry. " He immediately passes Jerry a small amount of coffee in a paper cup. Soon in Jose's presence, Jerry flaps his hands less and looks at Jose more often. Afterwards, when Jose praises Jerry following an instruction, that behavior begins to increase in strength and frequency. Jose praising Jerry before delivering coffee established social praise as a:
You Answered
  All these may be correct 
  Conditioned stimulus 
  Conditioned reinforcer 
  Conditioned establishing operation

Answer 9

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 10

In relation to the question above about Jerry and Jose, what process led to the change in the function of praise?
  Motivational operation 
  Yoking 
  Pairing 
  Stimulus control

Answer 10

Pairing

Question 11

Before you begin teaching, you must identify:

X= what you want the learner to do.

Y= the conditions under which you want the learner to exhibit the behavior.

Z= the function of problematic behavior.

Y and Z only
Z only
X and Y only
X, Y, and Z

Answer 11

X and Y only

Question 12

Which of the following is most likely to function as an SD for a listener skill?
  A conditioned reinforcer 
  Non-verbal environmental events 
  An echoic response 
  A spoken word direction

Answer 12

A spoken word direction

Question 13

An antecedent which, after teaching, evokes the target response is a(n):
  Prompt 
  Motivating Operation 
  SD
  Reinforcer

Answer 13

SD

Question 14

A teacher says, “Ok, class, now it is time to close your social studies book and open your math book to page 157.” This verbal direction is most likely a(n) ____ for opening the math book.

Both prompt and SD (they are the same)
SDP
SD
Prompt

Answer 14

SD

Question 15

Antecedents that may temporarily increase or decrease the value of a reinforcer and evoke an appropriate response are:
  SDs
  Reinforcers 
  Prompts 
  Motivating Operations

Answer 15

Motivating Operations

Question 16

Telling a child to pick up his fork and take a bite, after the plate of food has been placed in front of him, would be an example of a(n):
  Reinforcer 
  Motivating operation 
  Prompt 
  SD

Answer 16

Prompt

Question 17

The following could be an example of an artificial consequence for teeth brushing, except:
  Praise 
  A token delivery 
  Clean teeth and fresh breath 
  A check on a chore list

Answer 17

Clean teeth and fresh breath

Question 18

Reinforcement should be used for all the following, except:
Maintaining behavior that has been established
Establishing a new behavior
In both operant and respondent conditioning
Strengthening a dimension of an already acquired skill

Answer 18

In both operant and respondent conditioning

Question 19

Which of the following is a potential unwanted effect of reinforcement?
Establishing the deliverer as an SD
An increase in a dimension of the target behavior
Establishing the desired rate of appropriate behavior
Creating a “cookie monster”

Answer 19

Creating a “Cookie monster”

Question 20

____ prompts operate directly on the ____.
Movement cue; Response
Stimulus; Response
Response; Stimulus that should evoke behavior
Response; Response

Answer 20

Response; Response

Question 21

If the learner does not have imitation skills, which type of prompt would be inappropriate to use?

Demonstration
Partial physical
All the listed items are appropriate to use
Full physical

Answer 21

Demonstration

Question 22

Stimulus prompts operate directly on an antecedent to cue a correct response in conjunction with:
Abolishing operations for reinforcement
The critical reinforcer
Supplemental stimuli
The critical SD

Answer 22

The critical SD

Question 23

Fading is a technique used to gradually transfer X from supplemental stimuli to naturally occurring Y.

X= stimulus control; Y= EOs and/or discriminative stimuli
X= generalized responses; Y= consequences
X= prompted responses; Y= unprompted responses
X= discriminative control; Y= unconditioned stimuli

Answer 23

X= stimulus control; Y= EOs and/or discriminative stimuli

Question 24

Amy-Jo instructs Zach to come near her by saying, “Zach, come here please.” 5-seconds has elapsed and Zach does not move towards her so she issues a verbal prompt.  Another 5-seconds has elapsed and there is still no movement so she uses her hand to make a "come here" gesture.  Finally, upon seeing this gesture prompt, Zach moves closer to her.  Which procedure for fading prompts does this exemplify?
  Stimulus prompting 
  Least-to-most prompting 
  Graduated guidance 
  Most-to-least prompting

Answer 24

Least-to-most prompting

Question 25

Casey’s ‘set the table’ program contains 10 steps in a specific sequence. The last step is “put the knife to the right of the fork on top of the napkin.” Data show she can reliably do this step with a light touch prompt. However, during the most recent trial, a full physical prompt was required to evoke this response. With regards to the use of reinforcement and prompting, which statement is true?

X= Her behavior tech should not issue reinforcement because a more intrusive prompt was required to evoke the response.

Y= Her behavior tech should issue punishment before delivering a more intrusive prompt.

X and Y
X only
Y only
Neither X nor Y

Answer 25

X only

Question 26

Nico can say his phone number but he cannot write it down.  Scott, his behavior analyst, writes down Nico’s phone number, 8675309, on a piece of paper. He requires Nico to trace all seven digits. Once Nico does that reliably, Scott writes down: 867530. Nico traces the six digits and writes the seventh digit without a prompt. On later trials, Scott continues to take a digit away until Nico can write down all seven digits without any prompts. Which procedure does this describe?
  Stimulus fading in 
  Response prompts fading out 
  Stimulus fading out 
  Response prompts fading in

Answer 26

Stimulus fading out

Question 27

What type of prompting procedure is used in errorless learning?
  Least-to-most prompting 
  Shaping 
  Most-to-least prompting 
  No-no prompting

Answer 27

Most-to-least prompting

Question 28

A task analysis is:
A functional assessment approach to determines the controlling variables that maintain the completion of a particular task.
A series of steps that break down a skill into teachable units.
A procedure used to teach a series of steps in a behavior chain.
A type of treatment evaluation used to identify the effective component(s) on a treatment package.

Answer 28

A series of steps that break down a skill into teachable units.

Question 29

From the list below, identify the option that is not a step used to develop a task analysis.
Write down each individual step in a sequence.
Perform or have someone perform the task according to the steps listed to check if the sequence matches what the learner should do.
Identify the reason(s) why the person is not completing a particular task.
Perform the task or watch someone perform the task to identify the steps that are necessary to complete it.

Answer 29

Identify the reason(s) why the person is not completing a particular task.

Question 30

Which procedures can be used to teach a behavior chain?
  Modeling 
  Any of these procedures 
  Instructions 
  Chaining

Answer 30

Any of these procedures

Question 31

Which is not a chaining procedure?
  Backward chaining 
  Forward chaining 
  Forward chaining with leaps ahead 
  Total task chaining

Answer 31

Forward chaining with leaps ahead

Question 32

Chaining procedure in which reinforcement is delivered at the end of the step being trained as long as: (a) The step is performed to criterion. (b) Previously trained steps are independently performed. What type of chaining is this?
  Total task chaining 
  Backward chaining 
  All these 
  Forward chaining

Answer 32

Forward chaining

Question 33

What chaining procedure is recommended for individuals that can already perform some of the steps in the chain, but need to learn to complete them in a sequence?
  All these 
  Total task chaining 
  Backward chaining 
  Forward chaining

Answer 33

Total task chaining