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Hearing Science > Unit One > Flashcards

Unit One Flashcards

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1
Q

In order to have sound what do you need to have?

A

A medium

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2
Q

What is sound?

A

A disturbance of particles in a medium

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3
Q

What is vibratory motion?

A

the back and forth motion of an object about its rest position

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4
Q

What is another name for simple vibratory motion

A

simple harmonic motion (SHM)

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5
Q

What is the equation for period?

A

Period = 1/frequency

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6
Q

What is the equation for frequency?

A

Frequency = 1/period

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7
Q

What does this formula mean?

Z = [R^2 + (Xm -Xs)^2]^1/2

A

Z = impedence

R= resistence

Xm = mass

Xs = stiffness

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8
Q

What is occuring at these spots?

A

Nodes

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9
Q

What is an antinode?

A

When there is constructive interference and waves are in phase sound occurs here

Antinodes have compression and rarefraction

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10
Q

What is a node?

A

Where there is destructive interference and two standing waves meet in phase opposition. Sound does not occur here

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11
Q

What is occuring at these spots?

A

antinodes

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12
Q

What is compression?

A

areas of increased particle density (air pressure)

For hearing this moves the tympanic membrane inward

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13
Q

What is rarefraction?

A

the equalizing aor decrease of particle density (air)

For hearing: this moves the tympanic membrane back out (to the original state) which equalizes pressure in the ear

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14
Q

What is normal air pressure (at sea level)?

A

14.7 lb/in^2

or

100,000 Pa

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15
Q

What is the equation of wavelength and what do the symbols mean?

A

wavelength (lamda) = c/frequency

lamda = wavelength

c = speed of sound in air

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16
Q

What is the speed of sound in air?

A

1130 ft/second

344 meters/second

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17
Q

What is the equation for natural resonant frequency (NRF)?

A

NRF = speed of sound/ (4L)

NRF = natural resonant frequency

L = length

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18
Q

What are the four things that can happen when sound waves encounter obsticles in the environment?

A

Transmission

Reflection

Defraction

Absorbtion

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19
Q

What is transmission?

A

When there is an impedence match (ie moving from air to air or water to water), the sound can travel thorugh the medium, the mediums are the same

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20
Q

What is Reflection?

What is an example of relection?

A

There is an impedence mismatch and soudn doesnt travel through. The greater the impedence mismatch the greater the reflection.

Walls in a classroom

21
Q

What is defraction?

A

When the wave bends around the object. The object has to be 1/2 of the wavelength in order for it to defract.

22
Q

What is Absorbtion?

What is it called acoustically?

What is an example?

A

When sound is absorbed into an object and dissipated or changed into heat energy. The greater the surface area the greater teh absorbtion. Also the more pourous the material the more absorbtion

Acoustically this is called dampening

An anechoic chamber

23
Q

What is the equation of the inverse square law?

A

Inverse Square Law = Intensity = power/ 4pr^2

p = pressure

r = distance between you and the source

pressure = force/d^2

24
Q

When is this formula used?

Wavelength (lamda) = c/f

A

When you want to calculate the wavelength

25
Q

When is this equation used?

c/4(L)

A

when finding the Natural Resonant Frequency (resoncance of a tube closed at one end)

explains the influence of distance on the magnitude of speed as it travels from its source

26
Q
A
27
Q

How would you explain 80 dB to a novice

A

it is 10,000 times the human threshold

28
Q

How would you describe -20 dB to a novice?

A

it is 100 times lower than the human threshold

29
Q

What is the logatrithms chart for decibles?

A
30
Q

What is the SPL equation?

A

SPL = 20 x Log10 (Po/ Pref)

SPL = sound pressure level which is the average level for a 1 KHz tone

Po = observed soudn pressure

Pref = 0.00002 Pa

31
Q

What is the Pref for the SPL equation?

A

0.00002 Pa

32
Q

What are the Sound Environments?

A

Sound Field

Reberverent Field

Anechoic Chamber

Free Field

33
Q

What is a sound field?

What is an example of a sound field?

A

there are better thresholds here

example: when getting a hearing test

34
Q

What is a Reberverent Field?

A

where a sound is refected back (echos) and this tells you how big a room is, this is a normal field

35
Q

What is reverberation time?

A

the time it takes for sound to come back to you

1/1000

20x log (ratio)

  • 60 dB
36
Q

What is a free field:

A

Where nothing is reflected back at you

Example of this is space

37
Q

What is an Anechoic Chamber

A

All soudns are absorbed here and turned to heat

Anechoic Chamber called a tourchure chamber

38
Q

What do you need to have for a sound?

A

vibration (body cabable of vibrating)

Medium (this is set into motion)

an energy source

There needs to be a disturbance of particles in a medium

39
Q

What do you experience or percieve in a sounds?

A

intensity (amplitude or loudness)

frequency (pitch)

phase (locaiton form Right to Left ear)

40
Q

What does Fourier’s analysis measure?

A

Intensity

Frequency

Phase

41
Q

What does SPL stand for?

A

Sound Pressure Level

the average threshold for a 1 KHz tone

42
Q

What is HL?

A

hearing level

the average threshold for a specific audiometric tones

audiologists use this

43
Q

What is SL?

A

sensation level

particular threshold for any sound listener

44
Q

What is displayed by a speech spectrograph

A

Speech spectrograph is a slice by slice over time look

measures:

intensity (which is in terms of darkness)

frequency (pitch)

period

45
Q

What has node and antinodes in fixed spacial positions?

A

A standing wave

46
Q

What difference is there in the spectra of noise vs. tones?

A

Noise = random and peridoic, can’t be repeated and diferent form one moment to the next

Tones = pure tones and complex tones -> they are periodic and can be repeated

47
Q

What type of graph is noise drawn on?

A

A continuous line spectrum

48
Q

What type of graph are tones drawn on?

A

Line Spectrum

energy in discrete intregals

Hearing Science (2 decks)

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